Ex vivo protease activity detection for disease detection/diagnostic, staging, monitoring and treatment

ABSTRACT

The present application provides compositions and methods for determining a disease or condition in a subject. The method comprises contacting a body fluid with a molecule comprising a reporter thereof and the reported is cleaved by an agent in the body fluid. Diseases and conditions that can be determined by the method are also described.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application is a continuation-in-part of International ApplicationNo. PCT/US2021/049948, filed on Sep. 10, 2021 which claims the benefitof U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/077,525, filed on Sep. 11, 2020,each of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jan. 11, 2022, isnamed 61226_702_501_SL.txt and is 393,420 bytes in size.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Provided herein is a method comprising contacting a plasma sample from asubject with a molecule ex vivo and detecting a rate of formation or anamount of said released reporter. Further provided herein is a method.Further provided herein is a method wherein said molecule comprises acleavable linker and a reporter and wherein said cleavable linker iscleaved by an agent from said plasma, releasing said reporter from saidmolecule.

Further provided herein is a method further comprising introducing ananticoagulant to said plasma sample. Further provided herein is a methodwherein said anticoagulant is an EDTA, a citrate, a heparin, an oxalate,any salt, solvate, enantiomer, tautomer and geometric isomer thereof, orany mixtures thereof.

Provided herein is a method comprising contacting a body fluid samplefrom a subject having a disease or condition with a molecule ex vivo.Further provided herein is a method wherein said molecule comprises acleavable linker and a reporter and wherein said cleavable linker iscleaved by an agent from said body fluid, releasing said reporter fromsaid molecule. Further provided herein is a method wherein said rate offormation or said amount of said released reporter is significantlydifferent from a healthy subject.

Provided herein is a method comprising contacting a body fluid samplefrom a subject with a first molecule ex vivo wherein said first moleculecomprises a first cleavable linker and a first reporter and wherein saidfirst cleavable linker is cleaved by a first agent from said body fluid,releasing said first reporter from said first molecule. Further providedherein is a method detecting a rate of formation or an amount of saidfirst released reporter. Further provided herein is a method contactingsaid body fluid sample from said subject with a second molecule ex vivowherein said second molecule comprises a second cleavable linker and asecond reporter, and wherein said second cleavable linker is cleaved bya second agent from said body fluid, releasing said second reporter fromsaid second molecule. Further provided herein is a method detecting arate of formation or an amount of said second released reporter anddetermining a disease or condition of said subject based on saiddetection of said first released reporter and said detection of saidsecond released reporter.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said determination comprisesa supervised Machine Learning classification algorithm, LogisticRegression, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, GradientBoosting, Neural Networks, a continuous regression approach, RidgeRegression, Kernel Ridge Regression, Support Vector Regression or anycombination thereof.

Provided herein is a method comprising contacting a body fluid samplefrom a subject with a molecule ex vivo, wherein said molecule comprisesa cleavable linker and a reporter and wherein said cleavable linker iscleaved by an agent from said body fluid, releasing said reporter fromsaid molecule. Further provided herein is a method comprising detectinga rate of formation or an amount of said released reporter anddetermining a disease or condition of said subject based on saiddetection, wherein said disease or condition is a certain fibrosis stageor a certain nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) ofNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

Provided herein is a method comprising contacting a body fluid samplefrom a subject with a molecule ex vivo wherein said molecule comprises acleavable linker and a reporter and wherein said cleavable linker iscleaved by an agent from said body fluid, releasing said reporter fromsaid molecule. Further provided herein is a method detecting a rate offormation or an amount of said released reporter and determining adisease or condition of said subject based on said detection, whereinsaid disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of aliver disease a cancer, an organ transplant rejection, an infectiousdisease, an allergic disease, an autoimmunity, an Alzheimer's and achronic inflammation; wherein said cancer is not pancreatic ductaladenocarcinoma or non-small cell lung cancer.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said liver disease comprisesa Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD), a toxin mediated liver injury, a viral hepatitis, afulminant hepatitis, an alcoholic hepatitis, an autoimmune hepatitis, acirrhosis of the liver, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primarybiliary cholangitis (PBC), a cholangiocarcinoma, a primary sclerosingcholangitis, an acute or chronic rejection of a transplanted liver, aninherited liver disease or a combination thereof.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said body fluid sample isselected from the group consisting of blood, plasma, bone marrow fluid,lymphatic fluid, bile, amniotic fluid, mucosal fluid, saliva, urine,cerebrospinal fluid, spinal fluid, synovial fluid, semen, ductalaspirate, feces, stool, vaginal effluent, lachrymal fluid, tissue lysateand patient-derived cell line supernatant.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said body fluid samplecomprises a rinse fluid, a conditioning media or buffer, a swab viraltransport media, a saline, a culture media, or a cell culturesupernatant.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said rinse fluid is selectedfrom the group consisting of a mouthwash rinse, a bronchioalveolarrinse, a lavage fluid, a hair wash rinse, a nasal spray effluent, a swabof any bodily surface, orifice, organ structure or solid tumor biopsiesapplied to saline or any media or any derivatives thereof.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said agent is selected fromthe group consisting of a oxidoreductase, a transferase, a hydrolase, alyase, a isomerase, a ligase, a protease (peptidase), a hydrolase, anesterase, a β-glycosidase, a phospholipase and a phosphodiesterase,peroxidase, lipase, amylase a nucleophilic reagent, a reducing reagent,a electrophilic/acidic reagent, an organometallic/metal catalyst, anoxidizing reagent, a hydroxyl ion, a thiols nucleophile, a nitrogennucleophile, a sodium dithionite and a sodium periodate.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said agent is a protease.Further provided herein is a method wherein said protease is anendopeptidase or an exopeptidase. Further provided herein is a methodwherein said protease is selected from the group consisting of an A20(TNFa-induced protein 3), an abhydrolase domain containing 4, anabhydrolase domain containing 12, an abhydrolase domain containing 12B,an abhydrolase domain containing 13, an acrosin, anacylaminoacyl-peptidase, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM), anADAM1a, an ADAM2 (Fertilin-b), an ADAM3B, an ADAM4, an ADAM4B, an ADAM5,an ADAM6, an ADAM7, an ADAM8, an ADAM9, an ADAM10, an ADAM11, an ADAM12metalloprotease, an ADAM15, an ADAM17, an ADAM18, an ADAM19, an ADAM20,an ADAM21, an ADAM22, an ADAM23, an ADAM28, an ADAM29, an ADAM30, anADAM32, an ADAM33, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase withthrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), an ADAMTS1, an ADAMTS2, an ADAMTS3, anADAMTS4, an ADAMTS5/11, an ADAMTS6, an ADAMTS7, an ADAMTS8, an ADAMTS9,an ADAMTS10, an ADAMTS12, an ADAMTS13, an ADAMTS14, an ADAMTS15, anADAMTS16, an ADAMTS17, an ADAMTS18, an ADAMTS19, an ADAMTS20, anadipocyte-enh. binding protein 1, an Afg3-like protein 1, an Afg3-likeprotein 2, an airway-trypsin-like protease, an aminoacylase, anaminopeptidase A, an aminopeptidase B, an aminopeptidase B-like 1, anaminopeptidase MAMS/L-RAP, an aminopeptidase N, an aminopeptidase O, anaminopeptidase P homologue, an aminopeptidase P1, an aminopeptidasePILS, an aminopeptidase Q, an aminopeptidase-like 1, an AMSH/STAMBP, anAMSH-LP/STAMBPL1, an angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1), anangiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an angiotensin-converting enzyme3 (ACE3), an anionic trypsin (II), an apolipoprotein (a), anarchaemetzincin-1, an archaemetzincin-2, an aspartoacylase, anaspartoacylase-3, an aspartyl aminopeptidase, an ataxin-3, an ataxin-3like, an ATP/GTP binding protein 1, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 2,an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 3, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 4, anATP/GTP binding protein-like 5, an ATP23 peptidase, an autophagin-1, anautophagin-2, an autophagin-3, an autophagin-4, an azurocidin, a betalactamase, a beta-secretase 1, a beta-secretase 2, a bleomycinhydrolase, a brain serine proteinase 2, a BRCC36 (BRCA2-containingcomplex, sub 3), a calpain, a calpain 1, a calpain 2, a calpain 3, acalpain 4, a calpain 5, a calpain 6, a calpain 7, a calpain 7-like, acalpain 8, a calpain 9, a calpain 10, a calpain 11, a calpain 12, acalpain 13, a calpain 14, a calpain 15 (Solh protein), a cysteineprotease, a carboxypeptidase A1, a carboxypeptidase A2, acarboxypeptidase A3, a carboxypeptidase A4, a carboxypeptidase A5, acarboxypeptidase A6, a carboxypeptidase B, a carboxypeptidase D, acarboxypeptidase E, a carboxypeptidase M, a carboxypeptidase N, acarboxypeptidase O, a carboxypeptidase U, a carboxypeptidase X1, acarboxypeptidase X2, a carboxypeptidase Z, a carnosine dipeptidase 1, acarnosine dipeptidase 2, a caspase recruitment domain family, member 8,a caspase, a caspase-1, a caspase-2, a caspase-3, a caspase-4/11, acaspase-5, a caspase-6, a caspase-7, a caspase-8, a caspase-9, acaspase-10, a caspase-12, a caspase-14, a caspase-14-like, acasper/FLIP, a cathepsin, a cathepsin A (CTSA), a cathepsin B (CTSB), acathepsin C (CTSC), a cathepsin D (CTSD), a cathepsin E (CTSE), acathepsin F, a cathepsin G, a cathepsin H (CTSH), a cathepsin K (CTSK),a cathepsin L (CTSL), a cathepsin L2, a cathepsin O, a cathepsin S(CTSS), a cathepsin V (CTSV), a cathepsin W, a cathepsin Z (CTSZ), acationic trypsin, a cezanne/OTU domain containing 7B, a cezanne-2, aCGI-58, a chymase, a chymopasin, a chymosin, a chymotrypsin B, achymotrypsin C, a coagulation factor IXa, a coagulation factor VIIa, acoagulation factor Xa, a coagulation factor XIa, a coagulation factorXIIa, a collagenase 1, a collagenase 2, a collagenase 3, a complementprotease C1r serine protease, a complement protease C1s serine protease,a complement C1r-homolog, a complement component 2, a complementcomponent C1ra, a complement component C1sa, a complement factor B, acomplement factor D, a complement factor D-like, a complement factor I,a COPS6, a corin, a CSN5 (JAB1), a cylindromatosis protein, a cytosolalanyl aminopep.-like 1, a cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase, a DDI-relatedprotease, a DECYSIN, a Der1-like domain family, member 1, a Der1-likedomain family, member 2, a Der1-like domain family, member 3, a DESC1protease, a desert hedgehog protein, a desumoylating isopeptidase 1, adesumoylating isopeptidase 2, a dihydroorotase, a dihydropyrimidinase, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 1, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 2, a dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 5, a DINE peptidase, a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP), a dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP1), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), adipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 8 (DPP8), adipeptidyl-peptidase 9 (DPP9), a dipeptidyl-peptidase II, adipeptidyl-peptidase III, a dipeptidyl-peptidase 10 (DPP10), a DJ-1, aDNA-damage inducible protein, a DNA-damage inducible protein 2, a DUB-1,a DUB-2, a DUB2a, a DUB2a-like, a DUB2a-like2, a DUB6, or a combinationthereof. Further provided herein is a method wherein said protease isselected from the group consisting of a T cell protease, a complementprotease, a fibrosis protease, and an inflammation-related protease.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said cleavable linker is apeptide, a carbohydrate, a nucleic acid, a lipid, an ester, a glycoside,a phospholipid, a phosphodiester, a nucleophile/base sensitive linker, areduction sensitive linker, an electrophile/acid sensitive linker, ametal cleavable linker, an oxidation sensitive linker or a combinationthereof. Further provided herein is a method wherein said cleavablelinker is a peptide. Further provided herein is a method wherein saidpeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID Nos: 1-677.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said cleavable linker isdirectly connected to said reporter through a covalent bond. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said reporter comprises afluorescent label, a mass tag, a chromophore, an electrochemicallyactive molecule, a bio-Layer interferometry or surface plasmon resonancedetectable molecule, a precipitating substance, a mass spectrometry andliquid chromatography substrate, a magnetically active molecule, a gelforming and/or viscosity changing molecule, an immunoassay detectablemolecule, a cell-based amplification detectable or a nucleic acidbarcode, or any combinations thereof. Further provided herein is amethod wherein said reporter comprises a fluorescent label. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said fluorescent label is selectedfrom a group consisting of a 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a7-amino-4-carbamoylmethylcoumarin (ACC), a 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin(AMC), a 2-Aminobenzoyl (Abz), a Cy7, a Cy5, a Cy3 and a(5-((2-Aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) (EDANS).

Further provided herein is a method wherein said molecule furthercomprises a fluorescent quencher. Further provided herein is a methodwherein said fluorescent quencher is selected from the group consistingof BHQ0, BHQ1, BHQ2, BHQ3, BBQ650, ATTO 540Q, ATTO 580Q, ATTO 612Q,CPQ2, QSY-21, QSY-35, QSY-7, QSY-9, DABCYL(4-([4′-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)benzoyl), Dnp (2,4-dinitrophenyl) andEclipse. Further provided herein is a method wherein said fluorescentquencher is directly connected to said cleavable linker through acovalent bond.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said molecule furthercomprises a carrier. Further provided herein is a method wherein saidcarrier comprises a native, labeled or synthetic protein, a syntheticchemical polymer of precisely known chemical composition or with adistribution around a mean molecular weight, an oligonucleotide, aphosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO), a foldamer, a lipid, alipid micelle, a nanoparticle, a solid support made of polystyrene,polypropylene or any other type of plastic, or any combination thereof.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said subject is a mammal.Further provided herein is a method wherein said mammal is a human.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said reporter is linked tosaid cleavable linker through a self-immolative spacer. Further providedherein is a method wherein said self-immolative spacer is selected fromthe group consisting of a disulfide, a hetheroaminebifuncionaldisulfide, a thiol-based pirydazinediones, a p-aminebenzyloxycarbonyl, adipeptide, a Gly-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 530), a L-Phe-Sar, a trans-cyclooctenetetrazine, a ortho Hydroxy-protected Aryl sulfate, aphosphoramidate-based spacer, a hydroxybenzyl, a trimethyl carbamate anda quinone methide-based spacer.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said detection comprisesfluorescent detection, spectroscopic detection, mass spectrometry,immunological detection or imaging detection. Further provided herein isa method wherein said detection comprises fluorescent detection. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said fluorescent detection isfluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).

Further provided herein is a method wherein said cleaved reportercomprises a precipitating fluorophore. Further provided herein is amethod wherein said precipitating fluorophore comprises HPQ, Cl-HPQ,HTPQ, HBPQ, or HQPQ.

Provided herein is a method comprising measuring activity of two or moreagents in a body fluid sample from a subject and determining a diseaseor condition of said subject based on said activity wherein said diseaseor condition is selected from the group consisting of a liver disease,an organ transplant rejection, an infectious disease, an allergicdisease, an autoimmunity, an Alzheimer's and a chronic inflammation.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said liver disease comprisesa Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD), a toxin mediated liver injury, a viral hepatitis, afulminant hepatitis, an alcoholic hepatitis, an autoimmune hepatitis, acirrhosis of the liver, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primarybiliary cholangitis (PBC), a cholangiocarcinoma, a primary sclerosingcholangitis, an acute or chronic rejection of a transplanted liver, aninherited liver disease or a combination thereof.

Provided herein is a method comprising measuring activity of two or moreagents in a body fluid sample from a subject and determining a diseaseor condition of said subject based on said activity wherein said diseaseor condition is a certain fibrosis stage or a certain nonalcoholic fattyliver disease activity score (NAS) of Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).

Further provided herein is a method which further comprises contactingsaid body fluid sample from said subject with a molecule ex vivo,wherein said molecule comprises a cleavable linker and a reporter andwherein said cleavable linker is cleaved by said protease from saidplasma, releasing said reporter from said molecule, and detecting a rateof formation or an amount of said released reporter.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said agent is selected fromthe group consisting of a oxidoreductase, a transferase, a hydrolase, alyase, a isomerase, a ligase, a protease (peptidase), a hydrolase, anesterase, a β-glycosidase, a phospholipase and a phosphodiesterase,peroxidase, lipase, amylase a nucleophilic reagent, a reducing reagent,a electrophilic/acidic reagent, an organometallic/metal catalyst, anoxidizing reagent, a hydroxyl ion, a thiols nucleophile, a nitrogennucleophile, a sodium dithionite and a sodium periodate. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said agent is a protease. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said protease is an endopeptidase oran exopeptidase. Further provided herein is a method wherein saidprotease is selected from the group consisting of an A20 (TNFa-inducedprotein 3), an abhydrolase domain containing 4, an abhydrolase domaincontaining 12, an abhydrolase domain containing 12B, an abhydrolasedomain containing 13, an acrosin, an acylaminoacyl-peptidase, adisintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM), an ADAM1a, an ADAM2(Fertilin-b), an ADAM3B, an ADAM4, an ADAM4B, an ADAM5, an ADAM6, anADAM7, an ADAM8, an ADAM9, an ADAM10, an ADAM11, an ADAM12metalloprotease, an ADAM15, an ADAM17, an ADAM18, an ADAM19, an ADAM20,an ADAM21, an ADAM22, an ADAM23, an ADAM28, an ADAM29, an ADAM30, anADAM32, an ADAM33, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase withthrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), an ADAMTS1, an ADAMTS2, an ADAMTS3, anADAMTS4, an ADAMTS5/11, an ADAMTS6, an ADAMTS7, an ADAMTS8, an ADAMTS9,an ADAMTS10, an ADAMTS12, an ADAMTS13, an ADAMTS14, an ADAMTS15, anADAMTS16, an ADAMTS17, an ADAMTS18, an ADAMTS19, an ADAMTS20, anadipocyte-enh. binding protein 1, an Afg3-like protein 1, an Afg3-likeprotein 2, an airway-trypsin-like protease, an aminoacylase, anaminopeptidase A, an aminopeptidase B, an aminopeptidase B-like 1, anaminopeptidase MAMS/L-RAP, an aminopeptidase N, an aminopeptidase O, anaminopeptidase P homologue, an aminopeptidase P1, an aminopeptidasePILS, an aminopeptidase Q, an aminopeptidase-like 1, an AMSH/STAMBP, anAMSH-LP/STAMBPL1, an angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1), anangiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an angiotensin-converting enzyme3 (ACE3), an anionic trypsin (II), an apolipoprotein (a), anarchaemetzincin-1, an archaemetzincin-2, an aspartoacylase, anaspartoacylase-3, an aspartyl aminopeptidase, an ataxin-3, an ataxin-3like, an ATP/GTP binding protein 1, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 2,an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 3, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 4, anATP/GTP binding protein-like 5, an ATP23 peptidase, an autophagin-1, anautophagin-2, an autophagin-3, an autophagin-4, an azurocidin, a betalactamase, a beta-secretase 1, a beta-secretase 2, a bleomycinhydrolase, a brain serine proteinase 2, a BRCC36 (BRCA2-containingcomplex, sub 3), a calpain, a calpain 1, a calpain 2, a calpain 3, acalpain 4, a calpain 5, a calpain 6, a calpain 7, a calpain 7-like, acalpain 8, a calpain 9, a calpain 10, a calpain 11, a calpain 12, acalpain 13, a calpain 14, a calpain 15 (Solh protein), a cysteineprotease, a carboxypeptidase A1, a carboxypeptidase A2, acarboxypeptidase A3, a carboxypeptidase A4, a carboxypeptidase A5, acarboxypeptidase A6, a carboxypeptidase B, a carboxypeptidase D, acarboxypeptidase E, a carboxypeptidase M, a carboxypeptidase N, acarboxypeptidase O, a carboxypeptidase U, a carboxypeptidase X1, acarboxypeptidase X2, a carboxypeptidase Z, a carnosine dipeptidase 1, acarnosine dipeptidase 2, a caspase recruitment domain family, member 8,a caspase, a caspase-1, a caspase-2, a caspase-3, a caspase-4/11, acaspase-5, a caspase-6, a caspase-7, a caspase-8, a caspase-9, acaspase-10, a caspase-12, a caspase-14, a caspase-14-like, acasper/FLIP, a cathepsin, a cathepsin A (CTSA), a cathepsin B (CTSB), acathepsin C (CTSC), a cathepsin D (CTSD), a cathepsin E (CTSE), acathepsin F, a cathepsin G, a cathepsin H (CTSH), a cathepsin K (CTSK),a cathepsin L (CTSL), a cathepsin L2, a cathepsin O, a cathepsin S(CTSS), a cathepsin V (CTSV), a cathepsin W, a cathepsin Z (CTSZ), acationic trypsin, a cezanne/OTU domain containing 7B, a cezanne-2, aCGI-58, a chymase, a chymopasin, a chymosin, a chymotrypsin B, achymotrypsin C, a coagulation factor IXa, a coagulation factor VIIa, acoagulation factor Xa, a coagulation factor XIa, a coagulation factorXIIa, a collagenase 1, a collagenase 2, a collagenase 3, a complementprotease C1r serine protease, a complement protease Cis serine protease,a complement C1r-homolog, a complement component 2, a complementcomponent C1ra, a complement component C1sa, a complement factor B, acomplement factor D, a complement factor D-like, a complement factor I,a COPS6, a corin, a CSN5 (JAB1), a cylindromatosis protein, a cytosolalanyl aminopep.-like 1, a cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase, a DDI-relatedprotease, a DECYSIN, a Der1-like domain family, member 1, a Der1-likedomain family, member 2, a Der1-like domain family, member 3, a DESC1protease, a desert hedgehog protein, a desumoylating isopeptidase 1, adesumoylating isopeptidase 2, a dihydroorotase, a dihydropyrimidinase, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 1, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 2, a dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 5, a DINE peptidase, a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP), a dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP1), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), adipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 8 (DPP8), adipeptidyl-peptidase 9 (DPP9), a dipeptidyl-peptidase II, adipeptidyl-peptidase III, a dipeptidyl-peptidase 10 (DPP10), a DJ-1, aDNA-damage inducible protein, a DNA-damage inducible protein 2, a DUB-1,a DUB-2, a DUB2a, a DUB2a-like, a DUB2a-like2, a DUB6, or a combinationthereof.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said protease is selectedfrom the group consisting of a T cell protease, a complement protease, afibrosis protease, and an inflammation-related protease. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said cleavable linker is a peptide,a carbohydrate, a nucleic acid, a lipid, an ester, a glycoside, aphospholipid, a phosphodiester, a nucleophile/base sensitive linker, areduction sensitive linker, an electrophile/acid sensitive linker, ametal cleavable linker, an oxidation sensitive linker or a combinationthereof. Further provided herein is a method wherein said cleavablelinker is a peptide. Further provided herein is a method wherein saidpeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID Nos: 1-677. Further provided herein is a methodwherein said cleavable linker is directly connected to said reporterthrough a covalent bond.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said reporter comprises afluorescent label, a mass tag, a chromophore, an electrochemicallyactive molecule, a bio-Layer interferometry or surface plasmon resonancedetectable molecule, a precipitating substance, a mass spectrometry andliquid chromatography substrate, a magnetically active molecule, a gelforming and/or viscosity changing molecule, an immunoassay detectablemolecule, a cell-based amplification detectable or a nucleic acidbarcode, or any combinations thereof. Further provided herein is amethod wherein said reporter comprises a fluorescent label. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said fluorescent label is selectedfrom a group consisting of a 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a7-amino-4-carbamoylmethylcoumarin (ACC), a 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin(AMC), a 2-Aminobenzoyl (Abz), a Cy7, a Cy5, a Cy3 and a(5-((2-Aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) (EDANS).

Further provided herein is a method wherein said molecule furthercomprises a fluorescent quencher. Further provided herein is a methodwherein said fluorescent quencher is selected from the group consistingof BHQ0, BHQ1, BHQ2, BHQ3, BBQ650, ATTO 540Q, ATTO 580Q, ATTO 612Q,CPQ2, QSY-21, QSY-35, QSY-7, QSY-9, DABCYL(4-([4′-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)benzoyl), Dnp (2,4-dinitrophenyl) andEclipse. Further provided herein is a method wherein said fluorescentquencher is directly connected to said cleavable linker through acovalent bond.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said molecule furthercomprises a carrier. Further provided herein is a method wherein saidcarrier comprises a native, labeled or synthetic protein, a syntheticchemical polymer of precisely known chemical composition or with adistribution around a mean molecular weight, an oligonucleotide, aphosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO), a foldamer, a lipid, alipid micelle, a nanoparticle, a solid support made of polystyrene,polypropylene or any other type of plastic, or any combination thereof.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said subject is a mammal.Further provided herein is a method wherein said mammal is a human.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said reporter is linked tosaid cleavable linker through a self-immolative spacer. Further providedherein is a method wherein said self-immolative spacer is selected fromthe group consisting of a disulfide, a hetheroaminebifuncionaldisulfide, a thiol-based pirydazinediones, a p-aminebenzyloxycarbonyl, adipeptide, a Gly-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 530), a L-Phe-Sar, a trans-cyclooctenetetrazine, a ortho Hydroxy-protected Aryl sulfate, aphosphoramidate-based spacer, a hydroxybenzyl, a trimethyl carbamate anda quinone methide-based spacer.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said detection comprisesfluorescent detection, spectroscopic detection, mass spectrometry,immunological detection or imaging detection. Further provided herein isa method wherein said detection comprises fluorescent detection. Furtherprovided herein is a method wherein said fluorescent detection isfluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).

Further provided herein is a method wherein said cleaved reportercomprises a precipitating fluorophore. Further provided herein is amethod wherein said precipitating fluorophore comprises HPQ, Cl-HPQ,HTPQ, HBPQ, or HQPQ.

Further provided herein is a method wherein said body fluid sample isselected from the group consisting of blood, plasma, bone marrow fluid,lymphatic fluid, bile, amniotic fluid, mucosal fluid, saliva, urine,cerebrospinal fluid, spinal fluid, synovial fluid, semen, ductalaspirate, feces, stool, vaginal effluent, lachrymal fluid, tissue lysateand patient-derived cell line supernatant. Further provided herein is amethod wherein said body fluid sample comprises a rinse fluid, aconditioning media or buffer, a swab viral transport media, a saline, aculture media, or a cell culture supernatant. Further provided herein isa method wherein said rinse fluid is selected from the group consistingof a mouthwash rinse, a bronchioalveolar rinse, a lavage fluid, a hairwash rinse, a nasal spray effluent, a swab of any bodily surface,orifice, organ structure or solid tumor biopsies applied to saline orany media or any derivatives thereof.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings (“FIGURE.” or “FIGURES.” herein), of which:

FIG. 1 shows a plurality of probes according to the current application.Each probe 101 includes a reporter 103, shown as a star in FIG. 1 . Thereporters 103, are linked to a cleavable linker 105, which is acleavable substrate for an agent 107.

FIG. 2 shows cleavage of the reporter in a plurality of the probes. Asshown, cleavage by the agent 107 of the cleavable linker 105 results inthe reporters 103 being cleaved from the probe 101. Once cleaved, thecleaved reporters 203 can be detected and/or distinguished fromun-cleaved reporters 103. The presence and detection of cleavedreporters 203 indicates that the agents 107 are present and active in asample. In addition, the absence of an agent activity may be used fordetection associated with a decrease in activity. The activity of theagents can be quantified based on, for example, the rate at which thecleavage reaction takes place or the amount of cleaved reporters in asample or by other means such as a ratio of rates against an appropriatecontrol or a ratio of cleaved reporters against an appropriate control.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method 301 of evaluating a biological condition ina subject using the probes 101.

FIG. 4 shows the selection of probes to use in a composition to analyzethe activities of agents to analyze one or more particular, biologicalconditions or disease states. The activity of one or more agents may beassociated with a biological condition or disease state. This mayinclude the progression of a particular condition or state over time.Thus, to evaluate a biological condition or disease state in a subject,probes that can be cleaved by agents of interest are selected from thelibrary for inclusion in a condition-specific panel 403. The selectedprobes 405 of the condition-specific panel are differentially labeled sothat the activity of the predetermined proteases can be measured 305.The different probes 101, including those included in library 401, mayinclude features that confer properties to the fragments that ensureaccurate, multiplex detection of agent activity. Such propertiesinclude, for example improved cleavage, detection, solubility,stability, reproducibility, robustness and/or expanded compatibilitywith different types of reporter.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a probe 501 that includes a spacer 507, asolubility tag 509, a quencher and a covalent or non-covalent attachmentsite 511. The respective positions of these components can, inprinciple, be interconverted.

FIG. 6A-C shows cleavage of the probe. FIG. 6A shows that the probe 601includes a fluorescent reporter 603 and a quencher 605. The probe 601may also include a spacer 507, a solubility tag 509, and/or a covalentor non-covalent attachment site 511. FIG. 6B shows the cleavage processof two components probe. FIG. 6C shows the cleavage process of threecomponents probe.

FIG. 7A-C shows reaction processes for HPQ fluorophore. FIG. 7A shows aprobe 701 with an auto-immolative spacer 705 and precipitatingfluorescent reporter 703. The spacer 705 connects the precipitatingfluorophore reporter to an exopeptidase substrate 707, which issurrounded by the rectangle for clarity. A specific, predeterminedexopeptidase cleaves the exopeptidase substrate 707. As a result, theauto-immolative spacer 705 dissociates from the precipitatingfluorophore reporter 703. This allows establishment of a particularhydrogen bond 709 in the reporter 703, such that it enters a solidstate, precipitates from the fluid sample, and provides an intensefluorescent signal. FIG. 7B shows de detailed process. FIG. 7C shows thereaction process with both endopeptidase and exopeptidase.

FIG. 8 shows a method using a probe 801 with an auto-immolative spacer807, precipitating or non precipitating fluorescent reporter 805, and anenzyme/protease substrate 809 cleaved by a predeterminedenzyme/endoprotease 803. The probe includes an enzyme/protease substrate809 that is cleaved by two predetermined enzymes/proteases. The first ofthese enzymes/proteases, is the enzyme/endoprotease 803 of interest inthe sample. The enzyme/endoprotease 803 in the fluid sample cleaves theenzyme/protease substrate 809. However, because 803, cannot cleavecompletely/the terminal or penultimate amino acids in the proteasesubstrate from the spacer 807. Thus, a predetermined exopeptidase/enzyme811 is introduced to the sample. The exopeptidase/enzyme can be spikedinto the fluid sample, before, after, or during incubation with theendoprotease/enzyme 803. The enzyme/protease substrate 805 is engineeredsuch that cleavage by the enzyme/endoprotease 803 results in a secondenzyme/protease substrate 813 that can be cleaved by the predeterminedenzyme/exopeptidase 811. Cleavage by 811 causes the spacer 807 todissociate from the precipitating/non-precipitating fluorophore reporter805, such the reporter 805 provides an intense fluorescent signal.

FIG. 9 shows the progression of NASH.

FIG. 10 shows in vivo probes used to detect protease activity.

FIG. 11 shows the protease activities measured using the in vivo probes.

FIG. 12 outlines an experiment of present application.

FIG. 13 outlines an experiment of present application.

FIG. 14 shows that the probes can accurately detect and differentiatebetween samples from patients diagnosed with NASH via liver biopsy andhealthy patient samples when encountering NASH-related proteases in miceK2EDTA plasma.

FIG. 15A-B provide experimental results showing that a specific peptidelinker of the present application can differentiate between NASH-relatedprotease activity in healthy mice and NASH+ samples from K2EDTA miceplasma. FIG. 15A shows the results from healthy samples. FIG. 15B showsresults from NASH+ samples.

FIG. 16 provides experimental results comparing the ex vivo probes andtheir ability to distinguish between NASH (CDHFD) samples (the rightdata point) and healthy (CD) samples (the left data point).

FIG. 17 provides raw experimental results showing that the measured rateof fluorescence increase for Probe #492 can be ascribed to proteaseactivity and to NASH disease in K2EDTA mice plasma The average rate offluorescence increase over n=10 samples matches pooled plasma (n=10)increase of fluorescence in both disease and healthy conditions.

FIG. 18 provides experimental results showing that the measure rate offluorescence increase for Probe #102 can be ascribed to proteaseactivity and to NASH disease in K2EDTA mice plasma. The average rate offluorescence increase over n=10 samples matches pooled plasma (n=10)increase of fluorescence in both disease and healthy conditions.

FIG. 19A-B provides experimental results showing that activity, notabundance, is responsible for determination of disease-based proteaseactivity differences in K2EDTA mouse plasma samples.

FIG. 19A shows the results of testing for protease abundance levels andFIG. 19B shows the results of testing for protease activity levels.

FIG. 20 outlines an experimental design of the present application.

FIG. 21A-F provide experimental results showing that several probes candifferentiate among healthy K2EDTA plasma samples (left), regressionsamples (center), and NASH samples (right). FIG. 21A shows the resultsof Probe #428, FIG. 21B shows the results of Probe #520, FIG. 21C showsthe results of Probe #96, FIG. 21D shows the results of Probe #102, FIG.21E shows the results of Probe #492, and FIG. 21F shows the results ofProbe #647.

FIG. 22 provides experimental results showing the probes can distinguishbetween healthy and the JO2 mouse model of fulminant hepatitis samplesex vivo. The Jo2 antibody shows cytolytic activity against cell linesexpressing mouse Fas by inducing apoptosis.

FIG. 23 provides experimental results showing the probes can distinguishbetween healthy and fulminant hepatitis samples in vivo in a mice model.+/++ group denotes mild hepatitis symptoms and +++/++++ group denotesfulminant hepatitis based on physio-pathological examination of mice.The Jo2 antibody shows cytolytic activity against cell lines expressingmouse Fas by inducing apoptosis.

FIG. 24 shows that peptide fragments can distinguish between twodifferent preclinical models of liver disease due to their distinctbiological mechanisms.

FIG. 25 outlines an experimental design of the present application.

FIG. 26 provides experimental results showing the probes can distinguishbetween healthy, Obese and NASH human samples.

FIG. 27 provides experimental results that show reproducibility amongindependent sample cohorts with various collection dates, collectionprotocols, shipment etc.

FIG. 28 provides experimental results showing the peptide fragments candistinguish between different stages of NASH disease progression inspecific assay conditions.

FIG. 29 provides experimental results showing the multiplicity of thepeptide fragments able to distinguish between NASH and Healthy humanK2EDTA plasma.

FIG. 30A-F provide experimental results demonstrating the association ofspecific proteases in the detection of disease-specific activitydifferences in NASH samples in mice K2EDTA plasma. FIG. 30A shows theresults when testing with a pan-protease inhibitor. FIG. 30B shows theresults when testing with a cysteine protease family inhibitor. FIG. 30Cshows the results when testing with a cathepsin family inhibitor. FIG.30D shows the results when testing with a CTSB specific inhibitor.

FIG. 30E shows the results when testing with a CTSK specific inhibitor.FIG. 30F shows the results when testing with a CTSL specific inhibitor.These results show that this substrate is cleaved by CTSL.

FIG. 31A-B provides experimental results showing that two commonpromiscuous proteases abundant in plasma are not responsible fordetermination of disease-based protease activity differences in NASHsamples in K2EDTA mice plasma. FIG. 31A shows the results of testingwith a trypsin specific inhibitor and FIG. 31B shows the results whentesting with a thrombin specific inhibitor.

FIG. 32A-B provides experimental results showing that activity, notabundance, is responsible for determination of disease-based proteaseactivity differences in human samples. FIG. 32A shows the results oftesting pooled samples of healthy and NASH plasma when comparingprotease activity.

FIG. 32B shows the quantitation ratio for protease activity betweenhealthy and NASH samples.

FIG. 33A-B shows that although Cathepsin-L is equally abundant in bothhealthy and NASH human samples, the differences in its activity levelsallow for the differentiation between healthy and NASH samples. FIG. 33Ashows the results of testing for CTSL abundance levels and FIG. 33Bshows that testing for CTSL activity levels is superior to testing forCTSL abundance.

FIG. 34A-B provides experimental evidence that the probes can detectboth host response and presence of the COVID virus in plasma under twodifferent conditions of plasma collection. FIG. 34A shows the resultsfrom the K2EDTA plasma cohort while FIG. 34B shows the results from theLiHeparin plasma cohort. Probe #18 is a Neutrophil elastase substrate.Probe #409 is a SARS-COV2 3C protease. Probe #462 is a MMP8 substrate.Probe #84 is a Furin substrate. Probe #26 is a Cathepsin K/B, Trypsin,Thrombin, Tryptase substrate.

FIG. 35 provides experimental data that the probes can differentiatebetween healthy swab samples and COVID swab samples.

FIG. 36A-B provides experimental data showing that 3C1 protease fromSARS-COV2 can be detected when spiked in saliva or swab samples. FIG.36A shows the results from saliva samples while FIG. 36B shows theresults from swab samples conditioned in VTM (Viral Transport Mediacontaining up to 10% FBS).

FIG. 37 shows several probes that are capable of differentiating betweenhealthy and COVID samples.

FIG. 38A provides experimental evidence that the Probe #647 can detectthe activity of COVID-related proteases to differentiate between healthyand COVID pooled swab samples conditioned in saline. FIG. 38B shows thatthere are significant differences (p=0.029) between COVID+ (n=18) andCOVID− (n-19) samples. FIG. 38C shows the adjusted RFU across timepointsfor COVID+ (7 samples were active) and COVID− (1 sample was active)samples.

FIG. 39A-B provides experimental evidence that Granzyme B, a proteaselinked to other autoimmune diseases, is the protease that allows Probe#647 to differentiate between healthy and COVID samples. FIG. 39A showsthe results of inhibition experiments involving Granzyme B while FIG.39B shows the results of inhibition experiments involving caspases.Differential protease activity is more sensitive to the GzmB specificinhibitor than the caspase inhibitor, implicating GzmB, a hallmark ofT-cell activity, in the disease signal detected in swabs.

FIG. 40 shows a paper strip test capable of monitoring Granzyme Bactivity.

FIG. 41A-B provides experimental evidence showing that the peptidefragments can distinguish between healthy and pancreatic ductaladenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples. FIG. 41A shows the results of first setof experiments, while FIG. 41B shows the results of second set ofexperiments.

FIG. 42 provides experimental evidence showing that the peptidefragments can distinguish between healthy samples, PDAC samples, andpancreatitis samples.

FIG. 43 shows a schematic diagram for detection of Chlorination andperoxidation activity of MPO using the EnzChek® Myeloperoxidase ActivityAssay Kit. AH represents the nonfluorescent Amplex® UltraRed substrate,and A represents its fluorescent oxidation product. Hydrogen peroxideconverts MPO to MPO-I and MPO is inactive without the presence ofhydrogen peroxide. Amplex® UltraRed is then oxidized by MPO-I andcreates the fluorescent oxidation product A which can be read atEx/Em=530/590.

FIG. 44A-C shows the results for detecting peroxidases. FIG. 44A showsthat MPO activities are different between healthy mice and mice withNASH. FIG. 44B shows that MPO activities are different between mice fedon a standard ChowDiet (CD), mice feed on a choline-deficient, L-aminoacid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). FIG. 44C shows that MPO activitiesare different between healthy human subject and subjects with rheumatoidarthritis.

FIG. 45A-B shows the pooled results of spiked recombinant protease inhuman plasma using resorufin oleate as substrate. FIG. 46A shows resultof 3 recombinant enzymes—carboxylesterase 1, phospholipase A2 andlipoprotein lipase. FIG. 46B shows the result of various concentrationsof lipoprotein lipase.

FIG. 46A-C shows general designs of the exemplary cleavable linkers forFRET substrates.

FIG. 46A shows general designs for endopeptidase, aminopeptidase andcarboxypeptidase substrates.

FIG. 46B shows an example that reporter and quencher can be inverted.FIG. 46C shows the generalized substrate designs for aminopeptidase andcarboxypeptidase.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are methods comprising contacting a body fluid samplefrom a subject with a molecule ex vivo. In some embodiments, themolecule comprises a cleavable linker and a reporter, and the cleavablelinker is cleaved by an agent from the body fluid, releasing thereporter from the molecule. In some embodiments, the method furthercomprises detecting a rate of formation or an amount of the releasedreporter. In some embodiments, the rate of formation or amount of thereleased report is significantly different from a healthy subject. Insome embodiments, the body fluid may be plasma. In some embodiments, themethod further comprises determining a disease or condition of thesubject based on the detection.

In one aspect, the body fluid sample is contacted by a second moleculewith a second cleavable linker and a second reporter. In someembodiments, the second cleavable linker is cleaved by a second agentfrom the body fluid, releasing the second reporter from the secondmolecule. In some embodiments, the method further comprises detecting arate of formation or an amount of the second released reporter. In someembodiments, the method further comprises determining a disease orcondition of the subject based on the detection of the first releasedreporter and the detection of the second released reporter. In someembodiments, the method described herein can be used in a multiplexedformat, such that a single body fluid sample can be used to ascertainthe activity of multiple, select agents. This allows diagnostic panelsto be created for specific pathologies and conditions, which leveragethe activity of multiple agents to provide a more complete and accurateassessment of a certain condition. These panels can be used to correlatethe activity of multiple agents with a particular condition ordisease-state. These signatures can be saved, for example, in a databaseand used to assess the conditions or disease-state for subsequentindividuals assessed by a particular protease activity panel. In someembodiments, a classification tool is used in the analysis todifferentiate between healthy and diseased patients, or between discretestages of disease. The classification tool may be supervised MachineLearning classification algorithms including but not limited to LogisticRegression, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, GradientBoosting or Neural Networks. Furthermore, if the modeled variable iscontinuous in nature (e.g. tumor volume), one could use continuousregression approaches such as Ridge Regression, Kernel Ridge Regression,or Support Vector Regression. These algorithms would operate on themulti-dimensional feature space defined by the measurements of multipleprobes (or a mathematical function of those measurements such as proberatios) in order to learn the relationship between probe measurementsand disease status. Finally, one could combine probe measurements withclinical variables such as age, gender, or patients” comorbid status. Inthat case, one could either incorporate clinical features in theclassifier directly or, alternatively, learn a second-order classifierwhich combines a probe-only prediction with clinical features to producea result that is calibrated for those variables.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition may be a certain fibrosisstage or a certain nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS)of Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some embodiments, thedisease or condition may be a liver disease, a cancer, an organtransplant rejection, an infectious disease, an allergic disease, anautoimmunity and a chronic inflammation.

In another aspect, the methods described herein comprises ex vivo,multiplex detection of enzyme activity to diagnose and monitorpathologies and treatments in a subject. This enzyme activity can beused to diagnose and monitor a disease and condition in an internalorgan of the subject.

Detection Probe/Molecule

Determination of the disease or condition is based on the rate offormation or amount of the released reporter detected in the sample. Aprobe/molecule is introduced to the body fluid samples. Theprobe/molecule comprises a cleavable linker and a reporter, and an agentof from the body fluid cleave the cleavable linker, releasing a cleavedreporter. The probe/molecule may have any structure that can fulfillthis function. In some embodiments, the reporter may be covalentlylinked to a cleavable linker. In some embodiments, the reporter may be afluorescent label, a mass tag, a chromophore, an electrochemicallyactive molecule, a bio-Layer interferometry or surface plasmon resonancedetectable molecule, a precipitating substance, a mass spectrometry andliquid chromatography substrate (including size exclusion, reversephase, isoelectric point, etc.), a magnetically active molecule, a gelforming and/or viscosity changing molecule, an immunoassay detectablemolecule, a cell-based amplification detectable molecule, a nucleic acidbarcode, or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the reporter may be a fluorescent label and themolecule also comprises a quencher. In some embodiments, the quencher iscovalently linked to the cleavable linker. In some embodiments aninternally quenched fluorophore is linked to the cleavable linker. Insome embodiments, the molecule further comprises a self-immolativespacer. In some other embodiments, the molecule further comprises acarrier.

Cleavable Linker

In some aspects, the probe/molecule described herein comprises acleavable linker. The cleavable linker as described herein may be in anystructure that is capable of being cleaved by an agent. In someembodiments, the cleavable linker may be a peptide, a carbohydrate, anucleic acid, a lipid, an ester, a glycoside, a phospholipid, aphosphodiester, a nucleophile/base sensitive linker, a reductionsensitive linker, an electrophile/acid sensitive linker, a metalcleavable linker, an oxidation sensitive linker, an auto-immolablelinker (three component probe=enzyme substrate+linker+reporter) or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the reporter can be in aninactive form and under disease activity becomes detectable. GeoffrayLeriche, Louise Chisholm, Alain Wagner, Cleavable linkers in chemicalbiology, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 20, Issue 2, 2012,Pages 571-582, ISSN 0968-0896,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.048.

Cross-linking agents aim to form a covalent bond between two spatiallyadjacent residues within one or two polymer chains. To identify proteinbinding partners, the cross-linking agents need to be able to detect andstabilize transient interactions. The crosslinking agents frequentlyform covalent links between lysine or cysteine residues in the proteins.Alternatively, the cross-linking agent can be photoreactive.Cross-linking cleavable linkers can be used to distinguish betweeninter- and intra-protein interactions of receptors, signaling cascades,and the structure of multi-protein complexes.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a peptide. The corestructure of a peptide linker sometimes comprises of either a di-peptideor a tetra-peptide that is recognized and cleaved by lysosomal enzymes.Proteases (also called peptidases) catalyze the breakdown of peptidebonds by hydrolysis, and is restricted to a specific sequence of aminoacids recognizable by the proteases. Commonly used proteases comprisepepsin, trypsin or chymotrypsin. Since proteases have key roles in manydiseases, peptide linkers are widely used in drug release systems or indiagnostic tools. In some embodiments, the peptide linkers comprise ashort peptide sequence. In some embodiments, the peptide linkers mayinclude at least one non-naturally occurring amino acid.

In some embodiments, the peptide linkers may be less than about 20 aminoacids in length. In some embodiments, the peptide linkers may be between10 and 100 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the peptidelinkers may be 1 to 5, 1 to 10, 1 to 20, 1 to 30, 1 to 50, 1 to 70, 1 to90, 1 to 100, 5 to 10, 5 to 20, 5 to 30, 5 to 50, 5 to 70, 5 to 90, 5 to100, 10 to 20, 10 to 30, 10 to 50, 10 to 70, 10 to 90, 10 to 100, 20 to30, 20 to 50, 20 to 70, 20 to 90, 20 to 100, 30 to 50, 30 to 70, 30 to90, 30 to 100, 50 to 70, 50 to 90, 50 to 100, 70 to 90, 70 to 100, or 90to 100 amino acids in length.

TABLE 1Exemplary sequences for peptide linkers and corresponding probe construct designsSEQ SEQ ID Exemplary ID NO Sequence probe name Exemplary probe constructNO  1 SGRSG Probe #1 5-FAM-GSGRSGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 678 2 PGPREGProbe #2 5-FAM-GPGPREGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 679 3 IEPDSGSQ Probe #35-FAM-GIEPDSGSQGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 680 4 WADSSMES Probe #45-FAM-GWADSSMESGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 681 GC 5 PTSY Probe #55-FAM-GPTSYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 682 6 YRFK Probe #65-FAM-GYRFKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 683 7 KVPL Probe #75-FAM-GKVPLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 684 8 VDVAD Probe #85-FAM-GVDVADGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 685 9 LETD Probe #95-FAM-GLETDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 686 10 LEHD Probe #105-FAM-GLEHDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 687 11 REQD Probe #115-FAM-GREQDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 688 12 DEVD Probe #125-FAM-GDEVDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 689 13 VEID Probe #135-FAM-GVEIDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 690 14 VQVDGW Probe #145-FAM-GVQVDGWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 691 15 YEVDGW Probe #155-FAM-GYEVDGWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 692 16 LEVD Probe #165-FAM-GLEVDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 693 17 IEVE Probe #175-FAM-GIEVEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 694 18 AAPV Probe #185-FAM-GAAPVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 695 19 FFKF Probe #195-FAM-GFFKFGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 696 20 GRRGKGG Probe #205-FAM-GGRRGKGGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 697 GC 21 VKKR Probe #215-FAM-GVKKRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 698 22 FAAF(NO2) Probe #225-FAM-GFAAF(NO2)FVLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 699 FVL kk-GC 23 VVR Probe #235-FAM-GVVRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 700 24 KQKLR Probe #245-FAM-GKQKLRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 701 25 RPPGFSAF Probe #255-FAM-GRPPGFSAFGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 702 GC 26 GPR Probe #265-FAM-GGPRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 703 27 FR Probe #275-FAM-GFRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 704 28 LPLGL Probe #285-FAM-GLPLGLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 705 29 KPLGL Probe #295-FAM-GKPLGLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 706 30 (Gaba)PQGLE Probe #305-FAM-G(Gaba)PQGLEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 707 kk-GC 31 PKPLAL Probe #315-FAM-GPKPLALGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 708 32 GPSGIHV Probe #325-FAM-GGPSGIHVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 709 33 WAHRTTFYRR Probe #335-FAM-GWAHRTTFYRRGAGK(CPQ2)- 710 GA PEG2-kk-GC 34 WKLRSSKQ Probe #345-FAM-GWKLRSSKQGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 711 GC 35 PFR Probe #355-FAM-GPFRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 712 36 SYRIF Probe #365-FAM-GSYRIFGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 713 37 RPY Probe #375-FAM-GRPYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 714 38 TAFRSAYG Probe #385-FAM-GTAFRSAYGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 715 GC 39 WAAFRFSQA Probe #395-FAM-GWAAFRFSQAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 716 GC 40 VPR Probe #405-FAM-GVPRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 717 41 G Probe #415-FAM-GGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 718 42 KLRSSKQ Probe #425-FAM-GKLRSSK0GK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 719 43 YASR Probe #435-FAM-GYASRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 720 44 RFAQAQQQLP Probe #445-FAM-GRTAQAQQQLPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 721 kk-GC 45 KPAKFFRL Probe #455-FAM-GKPAKFFRLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 722 GC 46 PRAAA(hF)TSP Probe #465-FAM-GPRAAA(hF)TSPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 723 kk-GC 47 VGPQRFSGAP Probe #475-FAM-GVGPQRFSGAPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 724 kk-GC 48 FFLAQA(hF)RS Probe #485-FAM-GFFLAQA(hF)RSGK(CPQ2>PEG2- 725 kk-GC 49 PLAQAV Probe #495-FAM-GPLAQAVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 726 50 RTAAVFRP Probe #505-FAM-GRTAAVFRPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 727 GC 51 DVQEFRGVTA Probe #515-FAM-GDVQEFRGVTAVIRGK(CPQ2)- 728 VIR PEG2-kk-GC 52 TEGEARGSVI Probe #525-FAM-GTEGEARGSVIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 729 kk-GC 53 l-TR Probe #535-FAM-G-l-TRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 730 54 PLFAERK Probe #545-FAM-GPLFAERKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 731 55 LLVY Probe #555-FAM-GLLVYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 732 56 QQKRKIVL Probe #565-FAM-GQQKRKIVLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 733 GC 57 ASHLGLAR Probe #575-FAM-GASHLGLARGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 734 GC 58 LPSRSSKI Probe #585-FAM-GLPSRSSKIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 735 59 STGRNGFK Probe #595-FAM-GSTGRNGFKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 736 GC 60 SLLRSEET Probe #605-FAM-GSLLRSEETGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 737 61 HRGRTLEI Probe #615-FAM-GHRGRTLEIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 738 GC 62 YLGRSYKV Probe #625-FAM-GYLGRSYKVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 739 GC 63 EKQRIIGG Probe #635-FAM-GEKQRIIGGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 740 64 QRQRIIGG Probe #645-FAM-GQRQRIIGGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 741 GC 65 LQRIYK Probe #655-FAM-GLQRIYKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 742 66 SLGRKIQI Probe #665-FAM-GSLGRKIQIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 743 67 HAAPRSADIQI Probe #675-FAM-GHAAPRSADIQIDIGK(CPQ2)- 744 DI PEG2-kk-GC 68 FGR Probe #685-FAM-GFGRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 745 69 SLGR Probe #695-FAM-GSLGRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 746 70 GLQR Probe #705-FAM-GGL0RGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 747 71 SVARTLLV Probe #715-FAM-GSVARTLLVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 748 GC 72 GRIFG Probe #725-FAM-GGRIFGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 749 73 APK Probe #735-FAM-GAPKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 750 74 GFSPY Probe #745-FAM-GGFSPYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 751 75 WELRHAGH Probe #755-FAM-GWELRHAGHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 752 GC 76 RQSRIVGGE Probe #765-FAM-GRQSRIVGGEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 753 GC 77 EQAVYQTI Probe #775-FAM-GEQAVYQTIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 754 GC 78 VAYSGENTFG Probe #785-FAM-GVAYSGENTFGFGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 755 F kk-GC 79 GGR Probe #795-FAM-GGGRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 756 80 ATAD Probe #805-FAM-GATADGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 757 81 RPLESNAV Probe #815-FAM-GRPLESNAVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 758 GC 82 RPLGLAR Probe #825-FAM-GRPLGLARGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 759 83 AAFF Probe #835-FAM-GAAFFGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 760 84 RVKRGLA Probe #845-FAM-GRVKRGLAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 761 85 AAL Probe #855-FAM-GAALGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 762 86 CGGmeGVndne Probe #865-FAM-CGGmeGVndneeGFFsArGK(CPQ2) 763 eGFFsAr 87 GPQGIWGQ Probe #875FAM-GGPOGIWGOK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 764 88 GLVPRGS Probe #885FAM-GGLVPRGSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 765 89 GPVGLI Probe #895FAM-GGPVGLIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 766 90 GPWGIWGQ Probe #905FAM-GGPWGIWGQGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 767 91 GPVPLSLVM Probe #915FAM-GGPVPLSLVMK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 768 92 Gf-Pip-RSGG Probe #925FAM-GGf-Pip-RSGGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 769 93 PLGMRG Probe #935FAM-GGf-Pip-KSGGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 770 94 PLGMRG Probe #94(FAM)-GPLGMRGG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-GC 771 95 P-(Cha)-G- Probe #95(FAM)-GP-(Cha)-G-Cys(Me)-HAG-K(CPQ2)- 772 CvsfMel-HA PEG2-kk-GC 96RPLALWESQ Probe #96 (FAM)-GRPLALWESQG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 773 GC 97SGKGPRQITA Probe #97 (FAM)-SGKGPR0ITA-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-GC 774 98SGPLFYSVTA Probe #98 (FAM)-SGPLFYSVTA-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 775 GC 99SGRIFLRTA Probe #99 (FAM)-SGRIFLRTA-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-GC 776 100 SGRSENIRTAProbe #100 (FAM)-SGRSENIRTA-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-GC 777 101 GSGGS Probe #101(FAM)-GGSGGS-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 778 102 KPILFFRLKG Probe #102(FAM)-GKPILFFRLKG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 779 GC 103 AWESR(Nle) Probe #103(FAM)-GAWESR(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 780 104 NEKSG(Nle) Probe #104(FAM)-GNEKSG(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 781 105 NATIVY Probe #105(FAM)-GNATIVYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 782 106 DPFVVS Probe #106(FAM)-GDPFVVSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 783 107 FH(Nle)FTK Probe #107(FAM)-GFH(Nle)FTKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 784 NH2 108 (Nle)NWHKH Probe #108(FAM)-G(Nle)NWHKHGK(CPQ2)-NH2 785 109 FARRWG Probe #109(FAM)-GFARRWGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 786 110 PGKWSK Probe #110(FAM)-GPGKWSKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 787 111 YEEAQP Probe #111(FAM)-GYEEAQPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 788 112 YGAIKK Probe #112(FAM)-GYGAIKKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 789 113 TS(Nle)EGY Probe #113(FAM)-GTS(Nle)EGYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k 790 114 PNNFGS Probe #114(FAM)-GPNNFGSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 791 115 EDTRNT Probe #115(FAM)-GEDTRNTGK(CPQ2)-NH2 792 116 KDLEQS Probe #116(FAM)-GKDLEQSGK(CPQ2)-NH2 793 117 AALHND Probe #117(FAM)-GAALHNDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 794 118 ADSFFK Probe #118(FAM)-GADSFFKGK(CPQ2)-NH2 795 119 ITFWRA Probe #119(FAM)-GITFWRAGK(CPQ2)-NH2 796 120 LSD(Nle)RL Probe #120(FAM)-GLSD(Nle)RLGK(CPQ2)-NH2 797 121 EVGWTY Probe #121(FAM)-GEVGWTYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 798 122 IAFRQ(Nle) Probe #122(FAM)-GIAFRO(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 799 123 YNIHT(Nle) Probe #123(FAM)-GYNIHT(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 800 NH2 124 (Nle)LWANH Probe #124(FAM)-G(Nle)LWANHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 801 NH2 125 LYSVQV Probe #125(FAM)-GLYSVQVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 802 126 SHI(Nle)SN Probe #126(FAM)-GSHI(Nle)SNGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 803 NH2 127 KLLIDV Probe #127(FAM)-GKLLIDVGK(CPQ2)-NH2 804 128 E(Nle)GVFD Probe #128(FAM)-GE(Nle)GVFDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 805 NH2 129 HQAYTL Probe #129(FAM)-GHQAYTLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 806 130 YVRKIQ Probe #130(FAM)-GYVRKIOGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 807 131 DRENSP Probe #131(FAM)-GDRENSPGK(CPQ2)-NH2 808 132 KYDKPR Probe #132(FAM)-GKYDKPRGK(CPQ2)-NH2 809 133 RPWKQL Probe #133(FAM)-GRPWKQLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 810 134 APLQRY Probe #134(FAM)-GAPLQRYGK(CPQ2)-NH2 811 135 YQGQK(Nle) Probe #135(FAM)-GYqGqK(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 812 136 GRISSI Probe #136(FAM)-GGRISSIGK(CPQ2)-NH2 813 137 HSLTNV Probe #137(FAM)-GHSLTNVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 814 138 EWDFPE Probe #138(FAM)-GEWDFPEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 815 139 YLA(Nle)DG Probe #139(FAM)-GYLA(Nle)DGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 816 NH2 140 FIY(Nle)PT Probe #140(FAM)-GFIY(Nle)PTGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 817 141 GHETWV Probe #141(FAM)-GGHETWVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 818 142 DYIGDE Probe #142(FAM)-GDYIGDEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 819 143 AGTAHP Probe #143(FAMl-GAGTAHPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 820 144 V(Nle)TEIW Probe #144(FAM)-GV(Nle)TEIWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 821 NH2 145 PDDWQN Probe #145(FAM)-GPDDWONGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 822 146 GLNQEY Probe #146(FAM)-GGLNqEYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 823 147 YRDAVA Probe #147(FAM)-GYRDAVAGK(CPQ2)-NH2 824 148 TGPKGN Probe #148(FAM)-GTGPKGNGK(CPQ2)-NH2 825 149 DHVPQI Probe #149(FAM)-GDHVPOIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 826 150 NKEPIL Probe #150(FAM)-GNKEPILGK(CPQ2)-NH2 827 151 VWN(Nle)VH Probe #151(FAM)-GVWN(Nle)VHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 828 NH2 152 PVIIEH Probe #152(FAM)-GPVIIEHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 829 153 FOTDNL Probe #153(FAM)-GFQTDNLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 830 154 RF(Nle)HGI Probe #154(FAM)-GRF(Nle)HGIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 831 NH2 155 YAERTT Probe #155(FAM)-GYAERTTGK(CPQ2)-NH2 832 156 NRGELP Probe #156(FAM)-GNRGELPGK(CPQ2)-NH2 833 157 HHYFNY Probe #157(FAM)-GHHYFNYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 834 158 STPYYH Probe #158(FAM)-GSTPYYHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 835 159 WFYPSA Probe #159(FAM)-GWFYPSAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 836 160 SEFLFS Probe #160(FAM)-GSEFLFSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 837 161 WYKTQY Probe #161(FAM)-GWYKTOYGK(CPQ2)-NH2 838 162 VTHLKV Probe #162(FAM)-GVTHLKVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 839 163 INGGFS Probe #163(FAM)-GINGGFSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 840 164 TVLGLD Probe #164(FAM)-GTVLGLDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 841 165 SYWP(Nle)Q Probe #165(FAM)-GSYWP(Nle)QGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 842 NH2 166 ASQQHR Probe #166(FAM)-GASQQHRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 843 167 KNPAKA Probe #167(FAM)-GKNPAKAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 844 168 (Nle)YWLVE Probe #168(FAM)-G(Nle)YWLVEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 845 NH2 169 SWWIFE Probe #169(FAM)-GSWWIFEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 846 170 VNYEQD Probe #170(FAM)-GVNYEQDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 847 171 HFF(Nle)AE Probe #171(FAM)-GHFF(Nle)AEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 848 NH2 172 DIPPHW Probe #172(FAM)-GDIPPHWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 849 173 VDQW(Nle)W Probe #173(FAM)-GVDQW(Nle)WGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 850 NH2 174 LRSL(Nle)K Probe #174(FAM)-GLRSL(Nle)KGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 851 NH2 175 (NleKNle)IRHA Probe #175(FAM)-G(Nle)(Nle)IRHAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 852 NH2 176 HDVKFI Probe #176(FAM)-GHDVKFIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 853 177 KRVQFL Probe #177(FAM)-GKRVQFLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 854 178 RD(Nle)YAE Probe #178(FAM)-GRD(Nle)YAEGK(CPQ2)-NH2 855 179 L(Nle)IYFE Probe #179(FAM)-GL(Nle)IYFEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 856 180 LRTKQS Probe #180(FAM)-GLRTKOSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 857 181 WHGQQY Probe #181(FAM)-GWHGQQYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 858 NH2 182 GPEGTI Probe #182(FAM)-GGPEGTIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 859 183 ELDPIP Probe #183(FAM)-GELDPIPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 860 184 GRAADF Probe #184(FAM)-GGRAADFGK(CPQ2)-NH2 861 185 HFIDYI Probe #185(FAM)-GHFIDYIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 862 186 S(Nle)(Nle)RVH Probe #186(FAM)-GS(Nle)(Nle)RVHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 863 NH2 187 SFRKII Probe #187(FAM)-GSFRKIIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 864 188 TYE(Nle)FS Probe #188(FAM)-GTYE(Nle)FSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 865 NH2 189 HLLGFY Probe #189(FAM)-GHLLGFYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 866 190 (Nle)WTALT Probe #190(FAM)-G(Nle)WTALTGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 867 NH2 191 IWN(Nle)VY Probe #191(FAM)-GIWN(Nle)VYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 868 NH2 192 RRNPLW Probe #192(FAM)-GRRNPLWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 869 193 RWYGGI Probe #193(FAM)-GRWYGGIGK(CPQ2)-NH2 870 194 KTGDAR Probe #194(FAM)-GKTGDARGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 871 195 NYWEAN Probe #195(FAM)-GNYWEANGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 872 196 (Nle)QFDTS Probe #196(FAM)-G(Nle)QFDTSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 873 NH2 197 KRGAVE Probe #197(FAM)-GKRGAVEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 874 198 SLKPTE Probe #198(FAM)-GSLKPTEGK(CPQ2)-NH2 875 199 ENDRLP Probe #199(FAM)-GENDRLPGK(CPQ2)-NH2 876 200 NSYQVQ Probe #200(FAM)-GNSYQVQGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 877 201 YPKEYL Probe #201(FAM)-GYPKEYLGK(CPQ2)-NH2 878 202 INNKWQ Probe #202(FAM)-GINNKWQGK(CPQ2)-NH2 879 203 (Nle)EFQGW Probe #203(FAM)-G(Nle)EFQGWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 880 NH2 204 PVRSTN Probe #204(FAM)-GPVRSTNGK(CPQ2)-NH2 881 205 sqaikv Probe #205(FAM)-GSQAIKVGK(CPQ2)-NH2 882 206 WA(NIe)LYH Probe #206(FAM)-GWA(Nle)LYHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 883 NH2 207 ISWIHA Probe #207(FAM)-GISWIHAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 884 208 AHDIV Probe #208(FAM)-GAHDIVNGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 885 209 RHNVAS Probe #209(FAM)-GRHNVASGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 886 210 SVFVIE Probe #210(FAM)-GSWVIEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 887 211 FAKYYK Probe #211(FAM)-GFAKYYKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 888 212 PYNTLQ Probe #212(FAMVGPYNTLOGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 889 213 (Nle)DWGH(Nle) Probe #213(FAM)-G(Nle)DWGH(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 890 kk-NH2 214 SNREWF Probe #214(FAM)-GSNREWFGK(CPQ2)-NH2 891 215 GKSEHT Probe #215(FAM)-GGKSEHTGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 892 216 FP(Nle)TDQ Probe #216(FAM)-GFP(Nle)TDQGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 893 NH2 217 WSKFW(Nle) Probe #217(FAM)-GWSKFW(Nle)GK(CPQ2) 894 218 RFTRPH Probe #218(FAM)-GRFTRPHGK(CPQ2)-NH2 895 219 QET(Nle)KD Probe #219(FAM)-GQET(Nle)KDGK(CPQ2)-NH2 896 220 HWWDVL Probe #220(FAM)-GHWWDVLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 897 NH2 221 FNLV(Nle)S Probe #221(FAM)-GFNLV(Nle)SGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 898 NH2 222 SAWRQR Probe #222(FAM)-GSAWRQRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 899 223 TFHIFL Probe #223(FAM)-GTFHIFLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 900 224 WPQHVK Probe #224(FAM)-GWPQHVKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 901 225 LI(Nle)HKN Probe #225(FAM)-GLI(Nle)HKNGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 902 NH2 226 QDLEQP Probe #226(FAM)-GQDLEQPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 903 227 HQKK(Nle)P Probe #227(FAM)-GHQKK(Nle)PGK(CPQ2)-NH2 904 228 GVTWLN Probe #228(FAM)-GGVTWLNGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 905 229 AGEPFK Probe #229(FAM)-GAGEPFKGK(CPQ2)-NH2 906 230 SR(Nle)ATT Probe #230(FAM)-GSR(Nle)ATTGK(CPQ2)-NH2 907 231 LAF(Nle)NH Probe #231(FAM)-GLAF(Nle)NHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 908 NH2 232 PPSGLS Probe #232(FAM)-GPPSGLSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 909 233 YTHSSP Probe #233(FAM)-GYTHSSPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 910 234 DGSHYR Probe #234(FAM)-GDGSHYRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 911 235 Y(Nle)GNGY Probe #235(FAM)-GY(Nle)GNGYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 912 NH2 236 DSITVS Probe #236(FAM)-GDSITVSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 913 237 QTPNIQ Probe #237(FAM)-GQTPNIQGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 914 238 KLFFGY Probe #238(FAM)-GKLFFGYGK(CPQ2)-NH2 915 239 TQNFNW Probe #239(FAM)-GTQNFNWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 916 240 YSDHEV Probe #240(FAM)-GYSDHEVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 917 241 RYVVPA Probe #241(FAM)-GRYVVPAGK(CPQ2)-NH2 918 242 ILHRIR Probe #242(FAM)-GILHRIRGK(CPQ2)-NH2 919 243 ESDNQ(Nle) Probe #243(FAM)-GESDNQ(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 920 NH2 244 YDDKG(Nle) Probe #244(FAM)-GYDDKG(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 921 245 QLS(Nle)VW Probe #245(FAM)-GQLS(Nle)VWGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 922 NH2 246 PGGER(Nle) Probe #246(FAM)-GPGGER(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 923 247 WKHHPD Probe #247(FAM)-GWKHHPDGK(CPQ2)-NH2 924 248 QWVDED Probe #248(FAM)-GQWVDEDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 925 249 NAYNEI Probe #249(FAM)-GNAYNEIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 926 250 EEKAPR Probe #250(FAM)-GEEKAPRGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 927 251 PWQIGK Probe #251(FAM)-GPWQIGKGK(CPQ2)-NH2 928 252 IAQVGN Probe #252(FAM)-GIAQVGNGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 929 253 V(Nle)RQSE Probe #253(FAM)-GV(Nle)RQSEGK(CPQ2)-NH2 930 254 TERVDA Probe #254(FAM)-GTERVDAGK(CPQ2)-NH2 931 255 WLRWRL Probe #255(FAM)-GWLRWRLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 932 256 WKTKGQ Probe #256(FAM)-GWKTKGQGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 933 257 QSNGDV Probe #257(FAM)-GQSNGDVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 934 258 TLFYAL Probe #258(FAM)-GTLFYALGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 935 259 TVTLNP Probe #259(FAM)-GTVTLNPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 936 260 YAFGRK Probe #260(FAM)-GYAFGRKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 937 261 DYNYWD Probe #261(FAM)-GDYNYWDGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 938 262 EWHEII Probe #262(FAM)-GEWHEIIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 939 263 QKAAWD Probe #263(FAM)-GQKAAWDGK(CPQ2)-NH2 940 264 DNTSAD Probe #264(FAM)-GDNTSADGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 941 265 HEGEYV Probe #265(FAM)-GHEGEYVGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 942 266 WSPSFK Probe #266(FAM)-GWSPSFKGK(CPQ2)-NH2 943 267 HDEHWT Probe #267(FAM)-GHDEHWTGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 944 268 YVW(Nle)RD Probe #268(FAM)-GYVW(Nle)RDGK(CPQ2)-NH2 945 269 (Nle)DP(Nle)KF Probe #269(FAM)-G(Nle)DP(Nle)KFGK(CPQ2)-NH2 946 270 (Nle)R(Nle)FW Probe #270(FAM)-G(Nle)R(Nle)FWDGK(CPQ2)-NH2 947 D 271 DIAIT(Nle) Probe #271(FAM)-GDIAIT(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 948 272 PI(Nle)RFH Probe #272(FAM)-GPI(Nle)RFHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 949 273 VWQGYI Probe #273(FAM)-GVWQGYIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 950 274 KK(Nle)SNP Probe #274(FAM)-GKK(Nle)SNPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 951 NH2 275 GHPLSP Probe #275(FAM)-GGHPLSPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 952 276 VRQHKP Probe #276(FAM)-GVRQHKPGK(CPQ2)-NH2 953 277 AQNFYR Probe #277(FAM)-GAQNFYRGK(CPQ2)-NH2 954 278 VAGKSI Probe #278(FAM)-GVAGKSIGK(CPQ2)-NH2 955 279 LVGQVN Probe #279(FAM)-GLVGQVNGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 956 280 QVKHFT Probe #280(FAM)-GQVKHFTGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 957 281 QKSVVS Probe #281(FAM)-GQKSVVSGK(CPQ2)-NH2 958 282 Y(Nle)QEWL Probe #282(FAM)-GY(Nle)QEWLGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 959 NH2 283 G(Nle)YIDE Probe #283(FAM)-GG(Nle)YIDEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 960 NH2 284 NAGSKF Probe #284(FAM)-GNAGSKFGK(CPQ2)-NH2 961 285 EFVHNP Probe #285(FAM)-GEFVHNPGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 962 286 WE(Nle)VKI Probe #286(FAM)-GWE(Nle)VKIGK(CPQ2)-NH2 963 287 WVGASH Probe #287(FAM)-GWVGASHGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 964 288 ITTLY(Nle) Probe #288(FAM)-GITTLY(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 965 NH2 289 GHIDEY Probe #289(FAM)-GGHIDEYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 966 290 KV(Nle)DYG Probe #290(FAM)-GKV(Nle)DYGGK(CPQ2)-NH2 967 291 QEKQT(Nle) Probe #291(FAM)-GQEKQT(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 968 292 EVGHEA Probe #292(FAM)-GEVGHEAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-NH2 969 293 AWEGQY Probe #293(FAM)-GAWEGQYGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 970 294 FLVQWT Probe #294(FAM)-GFLVQWTGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 971 295 SKWGYW Probe #295(FAM)-GSKWGYWGK(CPQ2)-NH2 972 296 TWIS(Nle)Q Probe #296(FAM)-GTWIS(Nle)QGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 973 NH2 297 VIDKDF Probe #297(FAM)-GVIDKDFGK(CPQ2)-NH2 974 298 VKFAIY Probe #298(FAM)-GVKFAIYGK(CPQ2)-NH2 975 299 HNQ(Nle)KS Probe #299(FAM)-GHNQ(Nle)KSGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 976 NH2 300 QYVFF(Nle) Probe #300(FAM)-GQYVFF(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-PEG2-k- 977 NH2 301 YNPRE(Nle) Probe #301(FAM)-GYNPRE(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 978 302 KHG(Nle)PE Probe #302(FAM)-GKHG(Nle)PEGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 979 NH2 303 WSREYW Probe #303(FAM)-GWSREYWGK(CPQ2)-NH2 980 304 IDRVDK Probe #304(FAM)-GIDRVDKGK(CPQ2)- 981 PEG2-kk-NH2 305 GDRENSPK(CP Probe #305(FAM)-kkGDRENSPK(CPQ2)L-OH 982 Q2)L-OH 306 GDRENSPLK(C Probe #306(FAM)-kkGDRENSPLK(CPQ2)-OH 983 PQ2)-OH 307 NAGSKFK(CPQ Probe #307(FAM)-GNAGSKFK(CPQ2)Q-OH 984 2)0-OH 308 NAGSKFQK(CP Probe #308(FAM)-GNAGSKFQK(CPQ2)-OH 985 Q2)-OH 309 GHLLGFYK(CP Probe #309(FAM)-kkGHLLGFYK(CPQ2)V-OH 986 Q2)V-OH 310 GHLLGFYVK( Probe #310(FAM)-kkGHLLGFYVK(CPQ2)-OH 987 CPQ2)-OH 311 GQEKQT(Nle)K Probe #311(FAM)-kkGQEKQT(Nle)K 988 (CPQ2)(Nle)-OH (CPQ2)(Nle)-OH 312 GQEKQT(Nle)Probe #312 (FAM)-kkGQEKQT(Nle)(Nle) 989 (Nle)K(CPQ2)- K(CPQ2)-OH OH 313kGDPFVVSK(C Probe #313 (FAM)-kGDPFVVSK(CPQ2)W-OH 990 P021W-OH 314kGDPFVVSWK Probe #314 (FAM)-kGDPFVVSWK(CPQ2)-OH 991 (CPQ2)-OH 315NAYNE1K(CPQ Probe #315 (FAM)-GNAYNEIK(CPQ2)R-OH 992 2)R-OH 316NAYNEIRK(CP Probe #316 (FAM)-GNAYNEIRK(CPQ2)-OH 993 Q2)-OH 317V(Nle)RQSEK Probe #317 (FAM)-GV(Nle)ROSEK(CPQ2)N-OH 994 (CPQ2)N-OH 318V(Nle)RQSENK Probe #318 (FAM)-GV(Nle)RQSENK(CPQ2) 995 (CPQ2)-OH 319YNPRE(Nle)K Probe #319 (FAM)-GYNPRE(Nle)K(CPQ2)I-OH 996 (CPQ2)I-OH 320YNPRE(Nle)IK Probe #320 (FAM)-GYNPRE(Nle)IK(CPQ2)-OH 997 (CPQ2)-OH 321EFVHNPK(CPQ Probe #321 (FAM)-kGEFVHNPK(CPQ2)K-OH 998 2)K-OH 322EFVHNPKK(CP Probe #322 (FAM)-kGEFVHNPKK(CPQ2)-OH 999 02VOH 323KRVQFLK(CPQ Probe #323 (FAM)-GKRVOFLK(CPQ2)H-OH 1000 2)H-OH 324KRVQFLHK(CP Probe #324 (FAM)-GKRVQFLHK(CPQ2)-OH 1001 Q2VOH 325LI(Nle)HKNK(C Probe #325 (FAM)-kGLI(Nle)HKNK(CPQ2)G-OH 1002 PQ2)G-OH 326LI(Nle)HKNGK Probe #326 (FAM)-kGLI(Nle)HKNGK(CPQ2)-OH 1003 (CPQ2)-OH 327WA(Nle)LYHK Probe #327 (FAM)-kkGWA(Nle)LYHK(CPQ2)S-OH 1004 (CPQ2)S-OH328 WA(Nle)LYHS Probe #328 (FAM)-kkGWA(Nle)LYHSK(CPQ2)-OH 1005K(CPQ2)-OH 329 AHDIVNK(CPQ Probe #329 (FAM)-kkGAHDIVNK(CPQ2)Y-OH 10062)Y-OH 330 AHDIVNYK(CP Probe #330 (FAM)-kkGAHDIVNYK(CPQ2)-OH 1007 Q2)-OH331 SVFVIEK(CPQ2 Probe #331 (FAM)-kGSVFVIEK(CPQ2)P-OH 1008 )P-OH 332SVFVIEPK(CPQ Probe #332 (FAM)-kGSVFVIEPK(CPQ2)-OH 1009 2)-OH 333PPSGLSK(CPQ2) Probe #333 (FAM)-kGPPSGLSK(CPQ2)E-OH 1010 E-OH 334PPSGLSEK(CP Probe #334 (FAM)-kGPPSGLSEK(CPQ2)-OH 1011 Q2)-OH 335RWYGGIK(CP Probe #335 (FAM)-kkGRWYGGIK(CPQ2)F-OH 1012 Q2)F-OH 336RWYGGIFK(CP Probe #336 (FAM)-kkGRWYGGIFK(CPQ2)-OH 1013 Q2)-OH 337QYVFF(Nle)K( Probe #337 (FAM)-kG0YVFF(Nle)K(CPQ2)D-OH 1014 CPQ2)D-OH 338QYVFF(Nle)DK Probe #338 (FAM)-kGOYVFF(Nle)DK(CPQ2)-OH 1015 (CPQ2)-OH 339FAKYYKK(CP Probe #339 (FAM)-kGFAKYYKK(CPQ2)T-OH 1016 Q2)T-OH 340FAKYYKTK(CP Probe #340 (FAM)-kGFAKYYKTK(CPQ2)-OH 1017 Q2)-OH 341QVKHFTK(CPQ Probe #341 (FAM)-kGQVKHFTK(CPQ2)A-OH 1018 2)A-OH 342QVKHFTAK(CP Probe #342 (FAM)-kGOVKHFTAK(CPQ2)-OH 1019 Q2)-OH 343APK(CPQ2)-OH Probe #343 FAM-APK(CPQ2)-OH 1020 344 NH2- Probe #344NH2-FK(FAM)DRENSPGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1021 HK(FAM)DREN SP 345 NH2- Probe #345NH2-K(FAM)HDRENSPGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1022 K(FAM)HDREN SP 346 NH2- Probe #346NH2-WK(FAM)NAGSKFGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1023 WK(FAM)NAG SKF 347 NH2- Probe #347NH2-K(FAM)WNAGSKFGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1024 K(FAM)WNAG SKF 348 NH2- Probe #348NH2-SK(FAM)HLLGFYGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1025 SK(FAM)HLLG FY 349 NH2- Probe #349NH2-K(FAM)SFILLGFYGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1026 K(FAM)SHLLG FY 350 NH2- Probe #350NH2-KK(FAM)QEKQT(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 1027 KK(FAM)QEKQ T(Nle) 351 NH2-Probe #351 NH2-K(FAM)KQEKQT(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 1028 K(FAM)KQEKQ T(Nle) 352NH2- Probe #352 NH2-GK(FAM)DPFVVSGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1029 GK(FAM)DPFV VS 353NH2- Probe #353 NH2-K(FAM)GDPFVVSGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1030 K(FAM)GDPFV VS 354NH2- Probe #354 NH2-PK(FAM)NAYNEIGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1031 PK(FAM)NAYN EI 355NH2- Probe #355 NH2-K(FAM)PNAYNEIGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1032 K(FAM)PNAYN El 356NH2- Probe #356 NH2-DK(FAM)V(Nle)RQSEGkK(CPQ2)- 1033 DK(FAM)V NH2(Nle)RQSE 357 NH2- Probe #357 NH2-K(FAM)DV(Nle)RQSEGkK(CPQ2)- 1034K(FAM)DV(Nle) NH2 RQSE 358 NH2- Probe #358NH2-EK(FAM)YNPRE(Nle)GkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1035 EK(FAM)YNPR E(Nle) 359 NH2-Probe #359 NH2-K(FAM)EYNPRE(Nle)GkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1036 K(FAM)EYNPR E(Nle)360 NH2- Probe #360 NH2-TK(FAM)EFVHNPGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1037 TK(FAM)EFVH NP361 NH2- Probe #361 NH2-K(FAM)TEFVHNPGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1038 K(FAM)TEFVH NP362 NH2- Probe #362 NH2-QK(FAM)KRVQFLGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1039 QK(FAM)KRV QFL363 NH2- Probe #363 NH2-K(FAM)QKRVQFLGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1040 K(FAM)QKRV QFL364 NH2- Probe #364 NH2-YK(FAM)LI(Nle)HKNGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1041YK(FAM)LI(Nle) HKN 365 NH2- Probe #365 NH2-K(FAM)YLI(Nle)HKNGK(CPQ2)-NH21042 K(FAM)YLI(Nle )HKN 366 NH2- Probe #366NH2-FK(FAM)WA(Nle)LYHGkK(CPQ2)- 1043 FK(FAM)WA(N NH2 le)LYH 367 NH2-Probe #367 NH2-K(FAM)FWA(Nle)LYHGkK(CPQ2)- 1044 K(FAM)FWA(N NH2 le)LYH368 NH2- Probe #368 NH2-IK(FAM)AHDIVNGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1045 IK(FAM)AHDI VN369 NH2- Probe #369 NH2-K(FAM)IAHDIVNGkK(CPQ2)-NH2 1046 K(FAM)IAHDI VN370 NH2- Probe #370 NH2-VK(FAM)SVFVIEGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1047 VK(FAM)SVFV IE371 NH2- Probe #371 NH2-K(FAM)VSVFVIEGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1048 K(FAM)VSVFV IE372 NH2- Probe #372 NH2-(Nle)K(FAM)PPSGLSGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1049 (Nle)K(FAM)PPSGLS 373 NH2- Probe #373 NH2-K(FAM)(Nle)PPSGLSGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1050K(FAM)(Nle)PP SGLS 374 NH2- Probe #374 NH2-LK(FAM)RWYGGIGkK(CPQ2)-NH21051 LK(FAM)RWY GGI 375 NH2- Probe #375 NH2-K(FAM)LRWYGGIGkK(CPQ2)-NH21052 K(FAM)LRWY GGI 376 NH2- Probe #376NH2-NK(FAM)QYVFF(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 1053 NK(FAM)QYVF F(Nle) 377 NH2-Probe #377 NH2-K(FAM)NQYVFF(Nle)GK(CPQ2)-NH2 1054 K(FAM)NQYVF F(Nle) 378NH2- Probe #378 NH2-AK(FAM)FAKYYKGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1055 AK(FAM)FAKY YK 379NH2- Probe #379 NH2-K(FAM)AFAKYYKGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1056 K(FAM)AFAKY YK 380NH2- Probe #380 NH2-RK(FAM)QVKHFTGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1057 RK(FAM)QVK HFT 381NH2- Probe #381 NH2-K(FAM)RQVKHFTGK(CPQ2)-NH2 1058 K(FAM)RQVK HFT 382NH2-K(FAM)PP Probe #382 NH2-K(FAM)PPK(CPQ2)-NH2 1059 383 kpilffrlkProbe #383 5FAM-GkpilffrlkGK(CPQ2)- 1060 PEG2-kk-NH2 384 LRR Probe #384Boc-Leu-Arg-Arg-AMC 1061 385 R Probe #385 Arg-AMC 1062 386 VR Probe #386Boc-Val-Arg-AMC 1063 387 RR Probe #387 Z-Arg-Arg-AMC 1064 388 GRProbe #388 Gly-Arg-AMC 1065 389 FR Probe #389 Z-Phe-Arg-AMC 1066 390 RGKProbe #390 Ac-Arg-Gly-Lys-AMC 1067 391 GGR Probe #391 Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC1068 392 F Probe #392 Glutaryl-Phe-AMC 1069 393 D Probe #393 H-Asp-AMC1070 394 RR Probe #394 H-Arg-Arg-AMC 1071 395 R Probe #395 Z-Arg-AMC1072 396 Bz-R Probe #396 Bz-Arg-AMC 1073 397 Bz-R Probe #397 Bz-Arg-AMC1073 398 PR Probe #398 Z-Pro-Arg-AMC 1074 399 GPR Probe #399Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-AMC 1075 400 LR Probe #400 Z-Leu-Arg-AMC 1076 401 PFRProbe #401 H-Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC 1077 402 LLR Probe #402 Z-Leu-Leu-Ary-AMC1078 403 QRR Probe #403 Boc-Gln-Arg-Arg-AMC 1079 404 GR Probe #404Glutaryl-Gly-Arg-AMC 1080 405 GRR Probe #405 Boc-Gly-Arg-Arg-AMC 1081406 LRGG Probe #406 Z-Leu-Arg-Gly-Gly-AMC 1082 407 RLRGG Probe #4075-FAM-GRLRGGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 1083 408 RELNGGAPI Probe #4085-FAM-GRELNGGAPIGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk- 1084 GC 409 TSAVLQSGFR Probe #4095-FAM-GTSAVLQSGFRKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 1085 K kk-GC 410 SGVTFQGKFK Probe #4105-FAM-GSGVTFQGKFKKGK(CPQ2)-PEG2- 1086 K kk-GC 411 AAFA Probe #4115-FAM-GAAFAGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-kk-GC 1087 412 HGDQMAQKS Probe #4125FAM-GHGDQMAQKS-K(CPQ2)-PEG2- 1088 DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 413 GPLGMRProbe #413 5FAM-GGPLGMRG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-DLys- 1089 DLys-GC-NH2 414 FFLAQA-Probe #414 5FAM-GFFLAQA-HomoPhe-RSK-K(CPQ2)- 1090 HomoPhe-RSKPEG2-DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 415 AHAVSRIRIYL Probe #4155FAM-GAHAVSRIRIYLLPAK-K(CPQ2)- 1091 LPAK PEG2-DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 416PLALWAR Probe #416 5FAM-GPLALWAR-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-DLys- 1092 DLys-GC-NH2 417PLA- Probe #417 5FAM-GPLA-C(OMeBzl)-WAR-K(CPQ2)- 1093 C(OMeBzl)-PEG2-DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 WAR 418 APRWIQD Probe #4185FAM-GAPRWIQD-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-DLys- 1094 DLys-GC-NH2 419 LREQQRLKSProbe #419 5FAM-GLREQQRLKS-K(CPQ2)-PEG2- 1095 DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 420EFPIYVFLPAK Probe #420 5FAM-GEFPIYVFLPAKK-K(CPQ2)-PEG2- 1096 KDLys-DLys-GC-NH2 421 GAANLVRGG Probe #421 5FAM-GGAANLVRGG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-1097 DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 422 GYAELRMG Probe #4225FAM-GGYAELRMGG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2- 1098 DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 423 AAGAMFLEAProbe #423 5FAM-GAAGAMFLEA-K(CPQ2)-PEG2- 1099 DLys-DLys-GC-NH2 424LGGSGQRGRK Probe #424 (FAM)-GLGGSGQRGRKALEG-K(CPQ2)- 1100 ALE(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 425 LGGSGHYGRS Probe #425(FAM)-GLGGSGHYGRSGLEG-K(CPQ2)- 1101 GLE (PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 426 YGRSProbe #426 (FAM)-GYGRSG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1102 DLys-GC 427 FRGRKProbe #427 (FAM)-GFRGRKG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1103 DLvs-GC 428 DRRKKLTQProbe #428 (FAM)-GDRRKKLTQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1104 DLys-DLys-GC 429 HPGGPQProbe #429 (FAM)-GHPGGPQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1105 DLys-GC 430 KLRFSKQProbe #430 (FAM)-GKLRFSKQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1106 DLys-DLys-GC 431AIKFFSAQ Probe #431 (FAM)-GAIKFFSAQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1107 DLys-DLys-GC432 AIKFFVRQ Probe #432 (FAM)-GAIKFFVRQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1108DLys-DLys-GC 433 RPPGFSAFK Probe #433 (FAM)-GRPPGFSAFKG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-1109 DLys-DLys-GC 434 FAP-QLS Probe #434(FAM)-GFAP-QLSG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1110 DLys-GC 435 FAA-QMA Probe #435(FAM)-GFAA-QMAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1111 DLys-DLys-GC 436 GMP-ANQ Probe #436(FAM)-GGMP-ANQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1112 DLys-DLys-GC 437 LSGRSDNHProbe #437 (FAM)-GLSGRSDNHG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1113 DLys-DLys-GC 438MAALITRPDF Probe #438 (FAM)-GMAALITRPDFG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1114DLys-DLys-GC 439 MAAAITRPRF Probe #439(FAM)-GMAAAITRPRFG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1115 DLys-DLys-GC 440 MAALIVRPDLProbe #440 (FAM)-GMAALIVRPDLG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1116 DLys-DLys-GC 441TSGPNQEQE Probe #441 (FAM)-GTSGPNQEQEG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1117 DLys-DLys-GC442 TAGPNQEQE Probe #442 (FAM)-GTAGPNQEQEG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1118DLys-DLys-GC 443 GPGPNQA Probe #443 (FAM)-GGPGPNQAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1119DLys-DLys-GC 444 ASGPAGPA Probe #444 (FAM)-GASGPAGPAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-1120 DLys-DLys-GC 445 ERGETGPSG Probe #445(FAM)-GERGETGPSGG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1121 DLys-DLys-GC 446 VSQELGQRProbe #446 (FAM)-GVSQELGQRG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1122 DLys-DLys-GC 447TGPPGYPTG Probe #447 (FAM)-GTGPPGYPTGG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1123 DLys-DLys-GC448 TRLPVYQ Probe #448 (FAM)-GTRLPVYQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1124 DLys-DLys-GC449 RQARVVGG Probe #449 (FAM)-GRQARWGGG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1125DLys-DLys-GC 450 RQRRVVGG Probe #450 (FAM)-GRQRRVVGGG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-1126 DLys-DLys-GC 451 RQARAVGG Probe #451(FAM)-GRQARAVGGG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1127 DLys-DLys-GC 452 RKRRGSRGProbe #452 (FAM)-GRKRRGSRGG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1128 DLys-DLys-GC 453KQSRKFVP Probe #453 (FAM)-GKQSRKFVPG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1129 DLys-DLys-GC454 VTGRS Probe #454 (FAM)-GVTGRSG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1130 DLys-GC 455LKSRVK Probe #455 (FAM)-GLKSRVKG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1131 DLys-GC 456GIGAVLKVLT Probe #456 (FAM)-GGIGAVLKVLTG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1132DLys-DLys-GC 457 GLPALISWIK Probe #457(FAM)-GGLPALISWIKG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1133 DLys-DLys-GC 458 SEVNLDAEFProbe #458 (FAM)-GSEVNLDAEFG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1134 DLys-DLys-GC 459EEKPICFFRLG Probe #459 (FAM)-GEEKPICFFRLGKEG-K(CPQ2)- 1135 KE(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 460 EEKPILFFRLG Probe #460(FAM)-GEEKPILFFRLGKEG-K(CPQ2)- 1136 KE (PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 461 APSSVIAAProbe #461 (FAM)-GAPSSVIAAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1137 DLys-DLys-GC 462KKAKRNAL Probe #462 (FAM)-GKKAKRNALG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1138 DLys-DLys-GC463 WTNTSANYNL Probe #463 (FAM)-GWTNTSANYNLG-K(CPQ2)- 1139(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 464 RVRR Probe #464(FAM)-GRVRRG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1140 DLys-GC 465 ERTKR Probe #465(FAM)-GERTKRG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1141 DLys-GC 466 RYQIKPLKSTDProbe #466 (FAM)-GRYQIKPLKSTDEG-K(CPQ2)- 1142 E (PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 467WELRHQA- Probe #467 (FAM)-GWELRHQA-(Hfe)-RSKG-K(CPQ2)- 1143 (Hfe)-RSK(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 468 SGAFK-C(Me)- Probe #468(FAM)-GSGAFK-C(Me)-LKDGAGG- 1144 LKDGAG K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 469YVADGW Probe #469 (FAM)-GYVADGWG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1145 DLys-DLys-GC 470WEHDGW Probe #470 (FAM)-GWEHDGWG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1146 DLys-DLys-GC 471YVADAPV Probe #471 (FAM)-GYVADAPVG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1147 DLys-DLys-GC 472RPPGFSA Probe #472 (FAM)-GRPPGFSAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1148 DLys-DLys-GC 473GSPAFLA Probe #473 (FAM)-GGSPAFLAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1149 DLys-DLys-GC 474AGFSLPA Probe #474 (FAM)-GAGFSLPAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1150 DLys-DLys-GC 475RWHTVGLRW Probe #475 (FAM)-GRWHTVGLRWEG-K(CPQ2)- 1151 E(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 476 LEQ Probe #476 (FAM)-GLEQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys-1152 DLys-GC 477 RWPPMGLPWE Probe #477 (FAM)-GRWPPMGLPWEG-K(CPQ2)- 1153(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 478 RPKPVE Probe #478(FAM)-GRPKPVEG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1154 DLys-GC 479 IETD Probe #479(FAM)-GIETDG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1155 DLys-GC 480 VGPDFGR Probe #480(FAM)-GVGPDFGRG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1156 DLys-DLys-GC 481 GIEFDSGGCProbe #481 (FAM)-GGIEFDSGGCG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1157 DLys-DLys-GC 482GDFLRRV Probe #482 (FAM)-GGDFLRRVG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1158 DLys-DLys-GC 483AAL Probe #483 (FAM)-GAALG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1159 DLys-GC 484YATWSMIAAH Probe #484 (FAM)-GYATWSMIAAHG-K(CPQ2)- 1160(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 485 VIMWRLTVGT Probe #485(FAM)-GVIMWRLTVGTG-K(CPQ2)- 1161 (PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 486 RRVLALQQELProbe #486 (FAM)-GRRVLALQQELG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1162 DLys-DLys-GC 487LATWPLSGLW Probe #487 (FAM)-GLATWPLSGLWG-K(CPQ2)- 1163(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 488 NTPNWLVNAV Probe #488(FAM)-GNTPNWLVNAVG-K(CPQ2)- 1164 (PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 489 SPLAQAVRSSSProbe #489 (FAM)-GSPLAQAVRSSSRKG-K(CPQ2)- 1165 RK (PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC490 QMPGRLSMAF Probe #490 (FAM)-GQMPGRLSMAFG-K(CPQ2)- 1166(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 491 PLGLR Probe #491(FAM)-GPLGLRG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1167 DLys-GC 492 QRANSIRVTWProbe #492 (FAM)-GQRANSIRVTWG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1168 DLys-DLys-GC 493PLAVR Probe #493 (FAM)-GPLAVRG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1169 DLys-GC 494LLAVPAANTV Probe #494 (FAM)-GLLAVPAANTVG-K(CPQ2)- 1170(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 495 GPQGLRGQ Probe #495(FAM)-GGPQGLRGQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1171 DLys-DLys-GC 496 RTGLYLYNSTProbe #496 (FAM)-GRTGLYLYNSTG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1172 DLys-DLys-GC 497RKKLTQSKFV Probe #497 (FAM)-GRKKLTQSKFVGGAEG-K(CPQ2)- 1173 GGAE(PEG2)-DLys-DLys-GC 498 KHYR Probe #498(FAM)-GKHYRG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1174 DLys-GC 499 QAR Probe #499(FAM)-GQARG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1175 DLys-GC 500 PRPFNYL Probe #500(FAM)-GPRPFNYLG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1176 DLys-GC 501 APFEMSA Probe #501(FAM)-GAPFEMSAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1177 DLys-DLys-GC 502 APFEFSA Probe #502(FAM)-GAPFEFSAG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1178 DLys-DLys-GC 503 PLGFRV Probe #503(FAM)-GPLGFRVG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys- 1179 GC 504 RPLALWRS Probe #504(FAM)-GRPLALWRSG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-GC 1180 505 RPLALEESQ Probe #505(FAM)-GRPLALWRSG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-GC 1181 DLys-GC 506 RPLALWRSQ Probe #506(FAM)-GRPLALWRSQG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1182 GC 507 RNALAVERTA Probe #507(FAM)-GRNALAVERTASG-K(CPQ2)- 1183 S (PEG2)-GC 508 RPKPQQFW Probe #508(FAM)-GRPKPQQFWG-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1184 DLys-GC 509 SGSNPYKYTA Probe #509(FAM)-SGSNPYKYTA-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1185 DLys-DLys-GC 510 SGSNPYGYTAProbe #510 (FAM)-SGSNPYGYTA-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1186 DLys-DLys-GC 511SGTLSELHTA Probe #511 (FAM)-SGTLSELHTA-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1187 DLys-DLys-GC512 SGTISHLHTA Probe #512 (FAM)-SGTISHLHTA-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1188DLys-DLys-GC 513 SG-(Orn)-RSHP- Probe #513(FAM)-SG-(Orn)-RSHP-(Hfe)-TLYTA- 1189 (Hfe)-TLYTA K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys-GC514 SG-(Orn)- Probe #514 (FAM)-SG-(Orn)-RSHG-(Hfe)-FLYTA- 1190RSHG-(Hfe)- K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys-GC FLYTA 515 SGESLAYYTA Probe #515(FAM)-SGESLAYYTA-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1191 DLys-DLys-GC 516 SGHMH AALT AProbe #516 (FAM)-SGHMHAALTA-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)- 1192 DLys-DLys-GC 517ILSR-(DIle)- Probe #517 (FAM)-GILSR-(Dlle)-VGGG-K(CPQ2)- 1193 VGG(PEG2)-DLys-GC 518 ILS-(DArg)- Probe #518(FAM)-GILS-(DArg)-(DIle)-(DVal)-GGG- 1194 (DIle)-(DVal)-K(CPQ2)-(PEG2)-DLys-GC GG 519 RQRRALEK Probe #5195FAM-GRQRRALEKG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-GC 1195 520 KPISLISS Probe #5205FAM-GKPISLISSG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-GC 1196 521 QKGRYKQE Probe #5215FAM-GQKGRYKQEG-K(CPQ2)-PEG2-GC 1197 522 GPLGLRSW Probe #5225FAM-GGPLGLRSWK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 1198 523 GPLGVRGK Probe #5235FAM-GGPLGVRGKK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 1199 524 GfPRSGG Probe #5245FAM-GGfPRSGGGK(CPQ2)-PEG2-C 1200 525 Pyr Probe #525 Pyr-AMC 1201 526 SYProbe #526 H-Ser-Tyr-AMC 1202 527 GF Probe #527 H-Gly-Phe-AMC 1203 528 YProbe #528 H-Tyr-AMC 1204 529 Cit Probe #529 H-Cit-AMC Hydrobromide salt1205 530 GP Probe #530 Suc-Gly-Pro-AMC 1206 531 T Probe #531 H-Thr-AMC1207 532 I Probe #532 H-Ile-AMC 1208 533 GA Probe #533H-Gly-Ala-AMC hydrochloride salt 1209 534 Cys(Bzl) Probe #534H-Cys(Bzl)-AMC 1210 535 A Probe #535 H-Ala-AMC 1211 536 K Probe #536Ac-Lys-AMC acetate salt 1212 537 GLF Probe #537 MeOSuc-Gly-Leu-Phe-AMC1213 538 L Probe #538 H-Leu-AMC 1214 539 VAN Probe #539Z-Val-Ala-Asn-AMC 1215 540 AAA Probe #540 Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-AMC 1216 541 KProbe #541 H-Lys-AMC acetate salt 1217 542 F Probe #542H-Phe-AMC trifluoroacetate salt 1218 543 FSR Probe #543Boc-Phe-Ser-Arg-AMC 1219 544 VVR Probe #544 Z-Val-Val-Arg-AMC 1220hydrochloride salt 545 KA Probe #545 H-Lys-Ala-AMC 1221hydrochloride salt 546 PR Probe #546 H-Pro-Arg-AMC 1222hydrochloride salt 547 MGP Probe #547 H-Met-Gly-Pro-AMC 1223hydrochloride salt 548 KP Probe #548 H-Lys-Pro-AMC 1224hydrochloride salt 549 QGR Probe #549 Boc-Gln-Gly-Arg-AMC 1225hydrochloride salt 550 Glu(OBzl)-AR Probe #550 Boc-Glu(OBzl)-Ala-Arg-AMC1226 hydrochloride salt 551 WEHD Probe #551 Ac-Trp-Glu-His-Asp-AMC 1227552 QAR Probe #552 Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-AMC 1228 hydrochloride salt 553 AAFProbe #553 H-Ala-Ala-Phe-AMC (free base) 1229 554 GPK Probe #554Tos-Gly-Pro-Lys-AMC 1230 trifluoroacetate salt 555 AAPM Probe #555MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Met-AMC 1231 556 AEPF Probe #556Suc-Ala-Glu-Pro-Phe-AMC 1232 557 GG Probe #557 H-Gly-Gly-AMC 1233hydrochloride salt 558 VLK Probe #558 Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC 1234acetate salt 559 EKK Probe #559 Boc-Glu-Lys-Lys-AMC 1235 acetate salt560 VPR Probe #560 Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-AMC 1236 hydrochloride salt 561 GKRProbe #561 Boc-Gly-Lys-Arg-AMC 1237 hydrochloride salt 562 Glu(OBzl)-GRProbe #562 Boc-Glu(OBzl)-Gly-Arg-AMC 1238 hydrochloride salt 563 LRProbe #563 Z-Leu-Arg-AMC 1239 hydrochloride salt 564 AFK Probe #564MeOSuc-Ala-Phe-Lys-AMC 1240 trifluoroacetate salt 565 LGR Probe #565Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-AMC 1241 acetate salt 566 PFR Probe #566H-Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC 1242 acetate salt 567 AAPV Probe #567Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-AMC 1243 568 AFK Probe #568 H-Ala-Phe-Lys-AMC 1244trifluoroacetate salt 569 VKM Probe #569 Z-Val-Lys-Met-AMC acetate salt1245 570 GPLGP Probe #570 Suc-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-AMC 1246 571 KQKERProbe #571 Ac-Lys-Gln-Lys-Leu-Arg-AMC 1247 trifluoroacetate salt 572RVRR Probe #572 Boc-Arg-Val-Arg-Arg-AMC 1248 acetate salt 573 IEGRProbe #573 Boc-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-AMC 1249 acetate salt 574 GP Probe #574H-Gly-Pro-AMC HBr 1250 575 AAPV Probe #575 MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-AMC1251 576 RPFHLLVY Probe #576 Suc-Arg-Pro-Phe-His-Leu- 1252Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC trifluoroacetate salt 577 Anb-WS-Gnf- Probe #577H-Anb-Trp-Ser-Gnf-Thr-Val-Phe-AMC 1253 TVF 578 HSSKLQ Probe #578Mu-His-Ser-Ser-Lys-Leu-Gln-AMC 1254 579 RPY Probe #579MeO-Succ-Arg-Pro-Tyr-AMC 1255 580 DRENSPK(Dnp) Probe #580(ACO-kkDRENSPK(Dnp)L 1256 L-OH 581 kkDRENSPLK Probe #581(ACC)-kkDRENSPLK(Dnp) 1257 (Dnp)-OH 582 NAGSKFK(Dnp) Probe #582(ACC)-NAGSKFK(Dnp)Q 1258 Q-OH 583 NAGSKFQK(Dn Probe #583(ACC)-NAGSKFQK(Dnp) 1259 p)-OH 584 HLLGFYK(Dnp) Probe #584(ACC)-kkHLLGFYK(Dnp)V 1260 V-OH 585 HLLGFYVK(Dn Probe #585(ACC)-kkHLLGFYVK(Dnp) 1261 p)-OH 586 QEKQT(Nle)K( Probe #586(ACC)-kkQEKQT(Nie)K(Dnp)(Nle) 1262 Dnp)(Nle)-OH 587 QEKQT(Nle)(NlProbe #587 (ACC)-kkQEKQT(Nle)(Nle)K(Dnp) 1263 e)K(Dnp)-OH 588DPFVVSK(Dnp) Probe #588 (ACC)-kDPFVVSK(Dnp)W 1264 W-OH 589 DPFVVSWK(DnProbe #589 (ACC)-kDPFVVSWK(Dnp) 1265 p)-OH 590 NAYNEIK(Dnp) Probe #590(ACC)-NAYNEIK(Dnp)R 1266 R-OH 591 NAYNEIRK(Dn Probe #591(ACC)-NAYNEIRK(Dnp) 1267 p)-OH 592 V(Nle)RQSEK( Probe #592(ACC)-V(Nle)RQSEK(Dnp)N 1268 Dnp)N-OH 593 V(Nle)RQSENK Probe #593(ACC)-V(Nle)RQSENK(Dnp) 1269 (Dnp)-OH 594 YNPRE(Nle)K Probe #594(ACC)-YNPRE(Nle)K(Dnp)I 1270 (Dnp)I-OH 595 YNPRE(Nle)IK Probe #595(ACC)-YNPRE(Nle)IK(Dnp) 1271 (Dnp)-OH 596 EFVHNPK(Dnp) Probe #596(ACC)-kEFVHNPK(Dnp)K 1272 K-OH 597 EFVHNPKK Probe #597(ACC)-kEFVHNPKK(Dnp) 1273 (Dnp)-OH 598 KRVQFLK Probe #598(ACC)-KRVQFLK(Dnp)H 1274 (Dnp)H-OH 599 KRVQFLHK Probe #599(ACC)-KRVQFLHK(Dnp) 1275 (Dnp)-OH 600 LI(Nle)HKNK Probe #600(ACC)-kLI(Nle)HKNK(Dnp)G 1276 (Dnp)G-OH 601 LI(Nle)HKNGK Probe #601(ACC)-kLI(Nle)HKNGK(Dnp) 1277 (Dnp)-OH 602( WA(Nle)LYHK Probe #602(ACC)-kkWA(Nle)LYFIK(Dnp)S 1278 Dnp)S-OH 603 WA(Nle)LYHS Probe #603(ACC)-kkWA(Nle)LYHSK(Dnp) 1279 K(Dnp)-OH 604 AHDIVNK(Dnp) Probe #604(ACC)-kkAHDIVNK(Dnp)Y 1280 Y-OH 605 AHDIVNYK Probe #605(ACC)-kkAHDIVNYK(Dnp) 1281 (Dnp)-OH 606 SVFVIEK(Dnp) Probe #606(ACC)-kSVFVIEK(Dnp)P 1282 P-OH 607 SVFVIEPK Probe #607(ACC)-kSVFVIEPK(Dnp) 1283 (Dnp)-OH 608 PPSGLSK(Dnp) Probe #608(ACC)-kPPSGLSK(Dnp)E 1284 E-OH 609 PPSGLSEK Probe #609(ACC)-kPPSGLSEK(Dnp) 1285 (Dnp)-OH 610 RWYGGIK Probe #610(ACC)-kkRWYGGIK(Dnp)F 1286 (Dnp)F-OH 611 RWYGGIFK(Dn Probe #611(ACC)-kkRWYGGIFK(Dnp) 1287 p)-OH 612 QYVFF(Nle)K Probe #612(ACC)-kQYVFF(Nle)K(Dnp)D 1288 (Dnp)D-OH 613 QYVFF(Nle)DK Probe #613(ACC)-kQYVFF(Nle)DK(Dnp) 1289 (Dnp)-OH 614 FAKYYKK Probe #614(ACC)-kFAKYYKK(Dnp)T 1290 (Dnp)T-OH 615 FAKYYKTK Probe #615(ACC)-kFAKYYKTK(Dnp) 1291 (Dnp)-OH 616 QVKHFTK Probe #616(ACC)-kQVKHFTK(Dnp)A 1292 (Dnp)A-OH 617 QVKHFTAK Probe #617(ACC)-kQVKHFTAK(Dnp) 1293 (Dnp)-OH 618 YVADAPK Probe #618(ACC)-kYVADAPK(Dnp) 1294 (Dnp)-OH 619 KGISSQY Probe #619ACC-GKGISSQYK(Dnp)-NH2 1295 620 ALPALQN Probe #620ACC-GALPALQNK(Dnp)-PEG2-Dlys-Dlys- 1296 NH2 621 HRFRG Probe #621ACC-GHRFRGK(Dnp)-NH2 1297 622 APEEIMDQQ Probe #622ACC-GAPEEIMDQQK(Dnp)-PEG2-Dlys- 1298 Dlys-NH2 623 SRKSQQY Probe #623ACC-GSRKSQQYK(Dnp)-NH2 1299 624 SKGRSLI Probe #624ACC-GSKGRSLIGK(Dnp)-NH2 1300 625 FAQSIPK Probe #625ACC-GFAQSIPKK(Dnp)-PEG2-Dlys-Dlys- 1301 NH2 626 RQRRVVG Probe #626ACC-GRQRRVVGGK(Dnp)-NH2 1302 627 ERGETGPS Probe #627ACC-GERGETGPSGK(Dnp)-NH2 1303 628 ASGPSS Probe #628ACC-GASGPSSGK(Dnp)-PEG2-Dlys-Dlys- 1304 NH2 629 YRFR Probe #629ACC-GYRFRGK(Dnp)-NH2 1305 630 KLFSSKQ Probe #630 ACC-GKLFSSKQK(Dnp)-NH21306 631 IVPRG Probe #631 ACC-GIVPRGK(Dnp)-NH2 1307 632 IRRSSYFKProbe #632 ACC-GIRRSSYFKK(Dnp)-NH2 1308 633 His(Bzl)-Tle- Probe #633ACC-Gly-His(Bzl)-Tle-Pro-Ser-Asp-Met(O)- 1309 PSD-Met(O)Gly-K(Dnp)-Gly-PEG2-Dlys-Dlys-NH2 634 Nva-IE-Oic- Probe #634ACC-Nva-Ile-Glu-Oic-Asp-Phe-Gly-Arg- 1310 DFGR LVs(Dnp)-NH2 635 H-DThr-Probe #635 Ac-His-DThr-Phe(F5)-Arg-ACC 1311 Phe(F5)-R 636 Dap-Om-Probe #636 Ac-Dap-Orn-Phe(3Cl)-Cys(MeOBzl)-ACC 1312 Phe(3Cl)-Cys(MeOBzl) 637 Cha-L- Probe #637 Ac-Cha-Leu-hSer(Bzl)-Arg-ACC 1313hSer(Bzl)-R 638 His(Bzl)-Tle- Probe #638ACC-Gly-His(Bzl)-Tle-Pro-Ser-Asp-Met(O)- 1309 PSD-Met(O)Gly-K(Dnp)-Gly-PEG2-Dlys-Dlys-NH2 639 hCha-Phe(guan)- Probe #639Ac-hCha-Phe(guan)-Oic-Arg-ACC 1314 Oic-R 640 Abu-Nle(O-Bzl) Probe #640NH2-Abu-Nle(O-Bzl)-ACC 1315 641 Nle(O-Bzl)- Probe #641Ac-Nle(O-Bzl)-Met(O)2-Oic-Abu-ACC 1316 Met(O)2-Oic- Abu 642 Dap-Om-Probe #642 ACC-G-Dap-Om-Phe(3Cl)-Cys(MeOBz)-G- 1317 Phe(3Cl)- K(Dnp)-NH2Cvs(MeOBz) 643 Cha-L-hSer-R Probe #643ACC-Gly-Cha-Leu-hSer-Arg-Gly-K(Dnp)- 1318 NH2 644 FVT-Gnf-SW Probe #644ACC-Phe-Val-Thr-Gnf-Ser-Trp-K(Dnp)-NH2 1319 645 hCha-Phe(guan)-Probe #645 ACC-Gly-hCha-Phe(guan)-Oic-Arg-Gly- 1320 Oic-R K(Dnp)-NH2 646Nle(OBz)- Probe #646 ACC-Gly-Nle(OBz)-Met(O2)-Oic-Abu-Gly- 1321Met(O2)-Oic- K(Dnp)-NH2 Abu 647 AIEPDSG Probe #6475FAM-GAIEPDSGG-Lys(CPQ2)-PEG2-Dlys- 1322 Dlys-GC-NH2 648 A1EFDSGProbe #648 5FAM-GAIEFDSGG-Lys(CPQ2)-Dlys-Dlys- 1323 GC-NH2 649 AAEAISDProbe #649 5FAM-GGAAEAISDAK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1324 650 AGGAQMGA Probe #6505FAM-GGAGGAQMGAK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2- 1325 C 651 AQPDALNV Probe #6515FAM-GGAQPDALNVK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1326 652 ATDVTTTP Probe #6525FAM-GGATDVTTTPK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1327 653 DIVTVANA Probe #6535FAM-GGDIVTVANAK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1328 654 DLGLKSVP Probe #6545FAM-GGDLGLKSVPK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1329 655 DVMASNKR Probe #6555FAM-GGDVMASNKRK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1330 656 ESDELNTI Probe #6565FAM-GGESDELNTIK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1331 657 FHPLHSKI Probe #6575FAM-GGFHPLHSKIK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1332 658 HARLVHV Probe #6585FAM-GGGHARLVHVK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1333 659 HIANVERV Probe #6595FAM-GGHIANVERVK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1334 660 KAAATQKK Probe #6605FAM-GGKAAATQKKK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1335 661 LATASTMD Probe #6615FAM-GGLATASTMDK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1336 662 LGPKGQT Probe #6625FAM-GGLGPKGQTGK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1337 663 LSLPETGE Probe #6635FAM-GGLSLPETGEK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1338 664 NLAGILKE Probe #6645FAM-GGNLAGILKEK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1339 665 NPGMSEPV Probe #6655FAM-GGNPGMSEPVK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1340 666 PFGCHAK Probe #6665FAM-GGPFGCHAKK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1341 667 PLGLRWW Probe #6675FAM-GGPLGLRWWK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1342 668 QMGVMQGV Probe #6685FAM-GGQMGVMQGVK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2- 1343 C 669 QTCKCSCK Probe #6695FAM-GGQTCKCSCKK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1344 670 QWAGLVEK Probe #6705FAM-GGQWAGLVEKK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1345 671 RPAVMTSP Probe #6715FAM-GGRPAVMTSPK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1346 672 TLRELHLD Probe #6725FAM-GGTLRELHLDK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1347 673 TPPPSQGK Probe #6735FAM-GGTPPPSQGKK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1348 674 TSEDLVVQ Probe #6745FAM-GGTSEDLVVQK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1349 675 VWAAEAIS Probe #6755FAM-GGVWAAEAISK(CPQ2)-kk-PEG2-C 1350 676 R Probe #676 H-R-AMC 1351 677GC Probe #677 FAM-GGC-PEG8 1352  Nle = norleucine K(FAM)= carboxy-fluorescein-L-lysine HomoPhe = Hfe = L-homophenylalanineCys(OMeBzl) = C(OMeBzl) = S-para-methoxybenzyl cysteine DIle= d-isoleucine DArg = D-arginine DVal = D-valine Pyr = pyroglutamic acidCit = citrulline C(Bzl) = S-benzyl-L-cysteine Glu(OBzl)= benzyl-L-glutamate Anb = amino-n-butyric acid Gnf= guamidine-L-phenylalanine K(Dnp) = dinitrobenzylation of lysineHis(Bzl) = benzyl-L-histidine Tle = L-tert-leucine Met(O)= L-methionine-sulfoxide Bz = Benzoyl Oic= L-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid Nva = norvaline (click to seefarther down list) DThr = d-threonine Phe(F5)= 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-L-penylalanine Phe(3Cl)= 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine hSer(Bzl) = benzyl homoserine hCha= homocyclohexylalnine Phe(guan) = phenylalanine derivative with aguanidine group in the para position Nle(O-Bzl) = Nle(OBz)= benzyloxy-L-norleucine Met(O)2 = L-methionine sulfone Dap= 2,3-diaminopropionic acid hSer = homoserine Met(O2)= methylsulfonylbutanoic acid Abu = L-alpha-aminobutyric acid Cha= L-cyclohexylalanine Cys(Me) = L-Methyl cysteine Orn = L-Ornithine hF= L-Homophenylalanine GABA = gamma aminobutyric acid Pip = piperidinecarboxylic acid lower case = D-amino acids

The peptide linkers described herein for endoproteases may follow adesign: X_(m)AY_(n) or AX_(n)B, wherein respectively, A is a singleamino acid and A and B are amino acid pairs recognized by a particularendoprotease, X and Y are any amino acid labeled or not with a reporter,and m, n are zero or any integer. This design is for exemplificationonly and should not be construed as the only possible design for thepeptide linker.

The peptide linkers described herein for exoproteases may follow adesign: X_(m)AY_(n), wherein A is amino acid pairs recognized by aparticular exoprotease, X and Y are any amino acid labeled or not with areporter, and n is zero or any integer. This design is forexemplification only and should not be construed as the only possibledesign for the peptide linker.

TABLE 2 Exemplary peptide linker designs. Critical amino amino aminoamino amino amino acid  acid acid acid acid  Example Example SEQ acid inin in in in probe Prob ID Protease (single P1′ P1 P2 P3 P4 name designNO family or pair) R/K Probe (FAM)-GWYKTQYGK 1353 Endo Single #161(CPQ2)-NH2 R/K Probe (FAM)-GFARRWGGK 1354 Endo Single #109(CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 F/Y/LAV Probe (FAM)-GSYWP(Nle)QGK 1355 Endo Single#165 (CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 F/Y Probe (FAM)-GFIY(Nle)PTGK 1356 Endo Single#140 (CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 P Probe (FAM)-GTGPKGNGK 825 Endo Single #148(CPQ2)-NH2 F K Probe (FAM)- 894 Endo Pair #217 GWSKFW(Nle)GK(CPQ2) (AB)D G Probe (FAM)-GKTGDARGK 871 Endo Pair #194 (CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 (AB) L PProbe (FAM)-GGHPLSPGK 952 Endo Pair #275 P(CPQ2)-EG2-kk-NH2 (AB) D T/I/VProbe (FAM)-GVIDKDFGK 1357 Endo Pair #297 N(CPQ2)-H2 (AB) R K/R Probe(FAM)-GFARRWGGK 1358 Endo Pair #109 (CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 (AB) S R Probe(FAM)-GPVRSTNGK 881 Endo Pair #204 (CPQ2)-NH2 (AB) D E Probe(FAM)-GENDRLPGK 876 Endo Pair #199 (CPQ2)-NH2 (near neighbor AXB) D VProbe (FAM)-GQWVDEDGK 925 Endo Pair #248 (CPQ2)-PEG2-k-NH2 (nearneighbor AXXB) K/R at Probe (FAM)-KGEFVHNPK 1359 Exo Single C- #321(CPQ2)K-OH terminus K/R/H at Probe (FAM)-GNAYNEIK 1360 Exo Single C-#315 (CPQ2)R-OH terminus W/G/F Probe NH2- 1361 Exo Single at N- #346WK(FAM)NAGSKFG terminus kK(CPQ2)-NH2 Q/Kat Probe NH2-QK(FAM)KRV 1362 ExoSingle N- #362 QFLGK(CPQ2)- terminus NH2

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a carbohydrate. Tung etal. reported a conjugate of β-galactoside and7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one), which has far-redfluorescence properties after a cleavage by 0-galactosidase. Tung C H,Zeng Q, Shah K, Kim D E, Schellingerhout D, Weissleder R. In vivoimaging of beta-galactosidase activity using far red fluorescent switch.Cancer Res. 2004 Mar. 1; 64(5):1579-83. Ho et al. reported combiningβ-galactosidase substrate with p-benzyloxycarbonyl as a self-immolativelinker. β-D-Galactopyranoside, the substrate of 0-galactosidase, wasconjugated to an optical probe through a para-substitutedbenzyloxycarbonyl group (serves as a first self-immolative linker) and aglycine residue (serves as a quencher and a second self-immolativelinker). Enzymatic cleavage of the β-D-Galactopyranoside triggered aseries of spontaneous reactions that resulted in a release of opticallyactive probe. Ho, N.-H., Weissleder, R. and Tung, C.-H. (2007), ASelf-Immolative Reporter For β-Galactosidase Sensing. ChemBioChem, 8:560-566. Some carbohydrate linkers are commercially available.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a nucleic acid. Theeffect of a DNA linker on the behavior of its conjugate both reduces thetoxicity of the free drug by reducing its cell penetration, which ispositive in case of premature deconjugation in the bloodstream andincreases the off-target toxicity on low antigen-expressing cells,presumably due to nonspecific interaction of the nucleic acid-basedlinker with the cell surface. For example, in an antibody-drugconjugates, the antibody and drug can be non-covalently connected usingcomplementary DNA linkers. Dovgan, I., Ehkirch, A., Lehot, V. et al. Onthe use of DNA as a linker in antibody-drug conjugates: synthesis,stability and in vitro potency. Sci Rep 10, 7691 (2020). Dovgan et al.disclosed a trastuzumab to be connected to monomethyl auristatin E(MMAE) through a 37-mer oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a lipid. In someembodiments, the cleavable linker may be a phospholipid. The insertionof phospholipid groups between two fluorescent dyes or a dye/quencherpair allows the detection of phospholipase cleavage activity. In someembodiments, the cleavable linker may be a phosphodiester. The insertionof phosphodiester groups between two fluorescent dyes or a dye/quencherpair allows the detection of phosphodiesterase cleavage activity. Insome embodiments, the lipid is directly attached to the fluorophore:once the covalent bond between the lipid and fluorophore is cleaved, theincrease of fluorescent activity allows for the detection of the enzymepresence

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be an ester. Ester groupsare often cleaved by saponification. The reactivity of the ester tocleavage can be enhanced by the use of electron-withdrawing groups orstabilized by the use of auto-immolative spacers to precludedspontaneous hydrolysis. In chemical biology, ester-based cleavablecompounds were initially used for protein purification and in structuralbiology. FRET-based probes were designed to image esterase activities.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a glycoside. Forexample, cellulase enzymes deconstruct cellulose to glucose, and areoften comprised of glycosylated linkers connecting glycoside hydrolases(GHs) to carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs).

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a nucleophile/basesensitive linker. These can include, but are not limited to, halogennucleophiles, oxygen nucleophiles, safety-catch linkers, thiolnucleophiles, nitrogen nucleophiles, and phenacyl ester derivatives.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be sensitive to activityfrom all enzyme families, including but is not limited tooxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, andligases.

Fluoridolyzable linkers are widely used in organic chemistry assilicon-based protecting groups for alcohols. The high thermodynamicaffinity of fluorine for silicon allows their removal in orthogonal andmild conditions using a fluorine source. In this reaction a fluoride ionreacts with silicon as nucleophilic species and the cleavage conditionsdepend on the steric hindrance of the silicon's alkyl group. Fluorideions can also trigger bond cleavage due to their basic properties.

Oxygen nucleophiles include sulfone and ester linkers while safety-catchlinkers allow greater control over the timing of the bond breakage,because the linker will remain stable until it is activated for cleavageby a chemical modification.

In secondary amine synthesis or solid phase synthesis,nitrobenzenesulfonamides are known to be cleaved with a thiolnucleophile, like b-mercaptoethanol. Cysteines can be modified byelectron-deficient alkynes to form a vinyl sulfide linkage.

Displacement reactions involving a specific nitrogen species as anucleophile can occur in mild cleavable conditions. These reactions canbe classified into two groups; cleavage by aminolysis or exchangereaction. For aminolysis cleavage, examples include the cleavage of amalondialdehyde (MDA) indole derivative by either pyrrolidine orhydrazine, and the cleavage of an ester linker by hydroxylamine orhydrazine. Acylhydrazones 44 and hydrazones 45, 156 can be used ascleavable linkers through transimination in a mildly acidic medium. Anamine catalyst (e.g., aniline, p-anisidine or hydroxylamine) accelerateshydrolysis and enables the effective transition between stable anddynamic states, which is required for cleavage and exchange.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a reduction sensitivelinker. Reduction sensitive linkages have been used in chemical biologyfor a long time and it is a commonly used class of cleavable linker.Examples of cleavable linkers sensitive to reductive conditions include:nitroreductases, disulfide bridges and azo compounds. Karan et al.reported a fluorescent probe to detect nitroreductase. Sanu Karan, MiYoung Cho, Hyunseung Lee, Hwunjae Lee, Hye Sun Park, MaheshSundararajan, Jonathan L. Sessler, and Kwan Soo Hong. Near-InfraredFluorescent Probe Activated by Nitroreductase for In Vitro and In VivoHypoxic Tumor Detection. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2021 64 (6),2971-2981. In naturally occurring proteins, disulfide bridges generallyplay a role in maintaining the protein structure. They are known to beefficiently and rapidly cleaved by mild reducing agents likedithiothreitol (DTT), b-mercaptoethanol or tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine(TCEP). In chemical biology, disulfide bridges have been used in a widerange of applications including functional and structural proteomics,drug delivery, tumor imaging, DNA and protein-DNA complex purifications.The disulfide-based cleavable linker is commonly used due to itsstraightforward synthesis and rapid cleavage. Azo linkers are veryappealing to chemical biologists since they are able to undergo cleavagefollowing treatment with sodium dithionite, a mild and potentiallybio-orthogonal reducing agent. The azo compound is reduced into twoaniline moieties via an electrochemical reduction mechanism and thisallows the use of reducing agents that are commonly used in manybiological protocols, such as TCEP, DTT. In chemical biology, azocompounds have been used to cross-link proteins for over a decade andmore recently for protein affinity purification.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be an electrophile/acidsensitive linker. Acid sensitive linkers can be combined with other typeof linkers. For example, a first β-galactosidase cleavage of theβ-D-Galactopyranoside triggers the self-immolation of abenzyloxycarbonyl group, resulting in a release of optically activeprobe. Ho, N.-H., Weissleder, R. and Tung, C.-H. (2007), ASelf-Immolative Reporter For β-Galactosidase Sensing. ChemBioChem, 8:560-566. Two different modes of electrophilic cleavage are used inchemical biology: acidic sensitive linkers that are sensitive to protonsources, and alkyl 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate derivatives sensitiveto azide compounds. Proton sensitive bonds are among the most frequentlyused cleavable functions in organic chemistry; illustrated by thedevelopment of the BOC group which protects amines, or the Merrifieldresin used in solid phase synthesis. In organic chemistry, the cleavageconditions that can be tolerated are very flexible regarding the acids”reagents, solvents, temperatures and pH. In contrast, biocompatible acidcleavable linkers must be responsive to minor changes in pH. Strongacidic conditions can lead to the denaturation of proteins and DNA.Biocompatible acid cleavable linkers are chosen for their instabilitynear physiological pH and are often different from the classicalprotecting groups, which are cleaved with strong acids. Chemicalreactions that can break or form bonds in water can be used as the basisof a cleavable linker, for example the Staudinger ligation. Thisreaction is proceeded by the nucleophilic attack of an alkyl2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate derivative on an azide, to form anaza-ylide intermediate. Then the ester traps the aza-ylide, which leadsto the formation of an amide. In this process, the ester acts as acleavable linker, and the azide as a bioorthogonal chemical agent, whichguarantees a chemoselective and bioorthogonal cleavage.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be a metal cleavablelinker. Organometallic compounds are used to catalyze the modificationof proteins containing non-natural amino acids, but their use ascleavage reagent in chemical biology has only been reported a few times.The allyl function is a commonly used protecting group for alcohols inorganic synthesis and it is also used as a cleavable linker in DNAsequencing by synthesis Metal cleavable linkers were also used in thedesign of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), which were developed forenzyme-independent DNA/RNA hybridization methods.

In some embodiments, the cleavable linker may be an oxidation sensitivelinker. Sodium periodate is undoubtedly the most frequently usedbiocompatible oxidizing agent due to its ability to cleave vicinal diolsto form two aldehydes compounds. One example of this type of cleavablelinker consists of a vicinal diol with a tartaric acid spacer and twofunctional groups at both ends. Selenium based linkers also containcleavable bonds sensitive to oxidizing agents, such as sodium periodateor N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide immobilized on polystyrene beads(iodo-beads). The trigger agent oxidizes the labile bond to seleniumoxide, which is then cleaved directly via intramolecular b-eliminationor rearrangement.

Reporter and Detection Methods

In some aspects, the probe/molecule described herein comprises areporter. The reporter as described herein may be in any structure thatmay be capable of being detected by any method, including but notlimited to fluorescent detection, spectroscopic detection, immunologicaldetection or imaging detection. In some embodiments, the reporter may bea fluorescent label, a mass tag or a nucleic acid barcode.

In some embodiments, the reporter may be a fluorescent label. Labels,tags and probes containing small compounds such as florescence can beused to label proteins and nucleic acids. Bio-affinity towards othermolecules (biotin, digoxygenin), enzymatic (AP, HRP) or chemiluminescent(esters or acridine) can be used as well. Genetically encoded markerslike the fluorescent proteins of the GFP family have become a reporterof choice for gene expression studies and protein localization. Incombination with subcellular tags, GFP can be used to label subcellularstructures like synapses allowing novel approaches to studydevelopmental processes like synapse formation. Other fluorescent labelsinclude but are not limited to small organic dyes and lipophilic dyes.The fluorescence label may serve itself as the activity substratewithout addition of linkers.

Some reporters are “internally quenched”, thus does not require aquencher, wherein the cleavage of a bond linking the internally quenchedfluorophore to the substrate linker directly yields a fluorescentmolecule. Many described probes for proteases, esterases, peroxidasesand others function this way.

In some embodiments, the reporter may be a mass tag. Mass tag reagentsare designed to enable identification and quantitation of proteins indifferent samples using mass spectrometry (MS). Mass tagging reagentswithin a set typically have the same nominal mass (i.e., are isobaric)and chemical structure composed of an amine-reactive NHS ester group, aspacer arm (mass normalizer), and a mass reporter.

In some embodiments, the reporter may be a nucleic acid barcode. Forexample, DNA barcoding is a system for species identification focused onthe use of a short, standardized genetic region acting as a “barcode” ina similar way that Universal Product Codes are used by supermarketscanners to distinguish commercial products.

In some embodiments, the reporter may be detected using a ligand bindingassay. A ligand binding assay often involves a detection step, such asan ELISA, including fluorescent, colorimetric, bioluminescent andchemiluminescent ELISAs, a paper test strip or lateral flow assay, or abead-based fluorescent assay. In some embodiments, a paper-based ELISAtest may be used to detect the cleaved reporter in the fluid sample. Thepaper-based ELISA may be created inexpensively, such as by reflowing waxdeposited from a commercial solid ink printer to create an array of testspots on a single piece of paper. When the solid ink is heated to aliquid or semi-liquid state, the printed wax permeates the paper,creating hydrophobic barriers. The space between the hydrophobicbarriers may then be used as individual reaction wells. The ELISA assaymay be performed by drying the detection antibody on the individualreaction wells, constituting test spots on the paper, followed byblocking and washing steps. Fluid from a sample taken from the subjectmay then be added to the test spots. Then, for example, a streptavidinalkaline phosphate (ALP) conjugate may be added to the test spots, asthe detection antibody. Bound ALP may then be exposed to a colorreacting agent, such as BCIP/NBT (5-bromo-4-chloro-3″-indolyphosphatep-toluidine salt/nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride), which causes a purplecolored precipitate, indicating presence of the reporter.

In some embodiments, the reporter can be detected using volatile organiccompounds. Volatile organic compounds may be detected by analysisplatforms such as gas chromatography instrument, a breathalyzer, a massspectrometer, or use of optical or acoustic sensors. Gas chromatographymay be used to detect compounds that can be vaporized withoutdecomposition (e.g., volatile organic compounds). A gas chromatographyinstrument includes a mobile phase (or moving phase) that is a carriergas, for example, an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas suchas nitrogen, and a stationary phase that is a microscopic layer ofliquid or polymer on an inert solid support, inside a piece of glass ormetal tubing called a column. The column is coated with the stationaryphase and the gaseous compounds analyzed interact with the walls of thecolumn, causing them to elute at different times (i.e., have varyingretention times in the column). Compounds may be distinguished by theirretention times.

Mass spectrometry and enrichment/chromatography methods may be used toseparate and distinguish/detect cleaved from intact reporters used inthe present invention based on differences in mass and or presence of alabel. For example, enzymatic reactions can result in the fragmentationof a parent molecule resulting in a mass shift of the startingsubstrate, this can be exploited in different chromatography/enrichmentmethods such as size exclusion chromatography and affinity enrichments.In mass spectrometry, a sample is ionized, for example by bombarding itwith electrons. The sample may be solid, liquid, or gas. By ionizing thesample, some of the sample's molecules are broken into chargedfragments. These ions may then be separated according to theirmass-to-charge ratio. This is often performed by accelerating the ionsand subjecting them to an electric or magnetic field, where ions havingthe same mass-to-charge ratio will undergo the same amount ofdeflection. When deflected, the ions may be detected by a mechanismcapable of detecting charged particles, for example, an electronmultiplier. The detected results may be displayed as a spectrum of therelative abundance of detected ions as a function of the mass-to-chargeratio. The molecules in the sample can then be identified by correlatingknown masses, such as the mass of an entire molecule to the identifiedmasses or through a characteristic fragmentation pattern.

When the reporter includes a nucleic acid, the reporter may be detectedby various sequencing methods known in the art, for example, traditionalSanger sequencing methods or by next-generation sequencing (NGS). NGSgenerally refers to non-Sanger-based high throughput nucleic acidsequencing technologies, in which many (i.e., thousands, millions, orbillions) of nucleic acid strands can be sequenced in parallel. Examplesof such NGS sequencing includes platforms produced by Illumina (e.g.,HiSeq, MiSeq, NextSeq, MiniSeq, and iSeq 100), Pacific Biosciences(e.g., Sequel and RSII), and Ion Torrent by ThermoFisher (e.g., Ion S5,Ion Proton, Ion PGM, and Ion Chef systems). It is understood that anysuitable NGS sequencing platform may be used for NGS to detect nucleicacid of the detectable analyte as described herein.

Analysis may be performed directly on the biological sample or thedetectable cleaved reporters may be purified to some degree first. Forexample, a purification step may involve isolating the detectableanalyte from other components in the biological sample. Purification mayinclude methods such as affinity chromatography. The isolated orpurified detectable analyte does not need to be 100% pure or evensubstantially pure prior to analysis. Detecting the cleaved reportersmay provide a qualitative assessment (e.g., whether the detectablecleaved reporters, and thus the predetermined protease is present orabsent) or a quantitative assessment (e.g., the amount of the detectablecleaved reporters present) to indicate a comparative activity level ofthe predetermined proteases in the fluid sample. The quantitative valuemay be calculated by any means, such as, by determining the percentrelative amount of each fraction present in the sample. Methods formaking these types of calculations are known in the art.

The cleaved reporters may be detected by any detection method that maybe suitable for the particular reporter. In some aspects, the detectionmethod comprises fluorescent detection, spectroscopic detection, massspectrometry, immunological detection or imaging detection. In someaspects, the detection method may be fluorescence resonance energytransfer (FRET).

In some embodiments, the detection method may be spectroscopicdetection. Spectroscopic methods of detection are very commonly employedin ion chromatography (IC) and are second only to conductivity detectionin their frequency of usage. These methods can be divided broadly intothe categories of molecular spectroscopic techniques and atomicspectroscopic techniques. Molecular spectroscopy includes UV-visiblespectrophotometry, refractive index measurements, and photoluminescencetechniques (fluorescence and phosphorescence). Atomic spectroscopyincludes atomic emission spectroscopy (using various excitation sources)and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Many of the spectroscopic detectionmethods can operate in a direct or indirect mode. The definitions ofthese terms are the same as those used to describe the electrochemicaldetection modes. That is, direct spectroscopic detection results whenthe solute ion has a greater value of the measured detection parameterthan does the eluent ion. Indirect detection results when the reverse istrue.

In some embodiments, the detection method may be mass spectrometry. Massspectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure themass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are typically presented as amass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-chargeratio.

In some embodiments, the detection method may be fluorescence resonanceenergy transfer (FRET). FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) isa distance dependent dipole-dipole interaction without the emission of aphoton, which results in the transfer of energy from an initiallyexcited donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. It allows the detectionof molecular interactions in the nanometer range. FRET peptides arelabeled with a donor molecule and an acceptor (quencher) molecule. Inmost cases, the donor and acceptor pairs are two different dyes. Thetransferred energy from a fluorescent donor is converted into molecularvibrations if the acceptor is a non-fluorescent dye (quencher). When theFRET is terminated (by separating donor and acceptor), an increase ofdonor fluorescence can be detected. When both the donor and acceptordyes are fluorescent, the transferred energy is emitted as light oflonger wavelength so that the intensity ratio change of donor andacceptor fluorescence can be measured. In order for efficient FRETquenching to take place, the fluorophore and quencher molecules must beclose to each other (approximately 10-100 Å) and the absorption spectrumof the quencher must overlap with the emission spectrum of thefluorophore.

Precipitating Fluorophore

In some aspects, the cleaved reporter may be a precipitatingfluorophore. In some embodiments, the precipitating fluorophore may beHPQ, Cl-HPQ, HTPQ, HTPQA, HBPQ, or HQPQ.

In some embodiments, the precipitating fluorophore may be HPQ, alsoknown as 2-(2″-hydroxyphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone. HPQ is a smallorganic dye known for its classic luminescence mechanism throughexcited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), shows strong lightemission in the solid state, but no emission in solution. HPQ is foundto be strictly insoluble in water and exhibits intense solid-statefluorescence similar to that of tetraphenyl ethylene. Moreover, itsessential properties of insolubility and intense solid-statefluorescence can be countered and reversed, by prohibiting theestablishment of an internal hydrogen bond between the imine nitrogenand phenolic hydroxyl group.

In some embodiments, the precipitating fluorophore may be Cl-HPQ. Cl-HPQis released when HPQF, a water soluble and non-fluorescent molecule,reacts with furin. Cl-HPQ starts to precipitate near the enzyme activitysite, and the precipitates emit bright solid-state fluorescence withmore than 60-fold fluorescence enhancement. Li et al. In Situ Imaging ofFurin Activity with a Highly Stable Probe by Releasing of PrecipitatingFluorochrome. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 19, 11680-11687.

In some embodiments, the precipitating fluorophore may be HTPQ. HTPQ isfound to be strictly insoluble in water and shows intense fluorescencein the solid state with maximum excitation and emission wavelengths at410 nm and 550 nm respectively. This makes it far better suited to theuse with a confocal microscope. The large Stokes shift of HTPQcontributes additional and highly desirable advantages: increasedsensitivity, minimized background fluorescence and enhanced bioimagingcontrast. Liu et al. In Situ Localization of Enzyme activity in LiveCells by a Molecular Probe Releasing a Precipitating Fluorochrome. AngewChem Int Ed Engl. 2017 Sep. 18; 56(39):11788-11792.

In some embodiments, the precipitating fluorophore may be HTPQA. HTPQAis another enzyme-responsive fluorogenic probe derived from HTPQ. Whenconverted by ALP, the probe releases free HTPQ which starts toprecipitate after a very short delay; the precipitate emits brightsolid-state fluorescence with more than 100-fold fluorescenceenhancement.

In some embodiments, the precipitating fluorophore may be HBPQ. HBPQ iscompletely insoluble in water and shows strong yellow solid emissionwhen excited with a 405 nm laser. Liu et al. PrecipitatedFluorophore-Based Molecular Probe for In Situ Imaging of AminopeptidaseN in Living Cells and Tumors. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 16, 6463-6471,Publication Date: Apr. 14, 2021.

In some embodiments, the precipitating fluorophore may be HQPQ. HQPQ is,a novel solid-state fluorophore that is insoluble in water. Li et al.Precipitated Fluorophore-Based Probe for Accurate Detection ofMitochondrial Analytes. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 4, 2235-2243. PublicationDate: Jan. 5, 2021.

The precipitating and non-precipitating fluorophores can be separatedfrom the enzyme substrate by a self-immolative substrate to stabilizethe initial probe and ensure that the enzymatic cleavage is transducedvia the immolative spacer into the formation of the precipitatingfluorophore or the non-internally quenched soluble fluorophore.

Fluorescent Quencher

In some aspects, the probe/molecule described herein comprises afluorescent quencher. The fluorescent quencher as described herein maybe in any structure that is capable of decreasing the fluorescenceintensity of a given substance. In some embodiments, the fluorescentquencher may be BHQ0, BHQ1, BHQ2, BHQ3, BBQ650, ATTO 540Q, ATTO 580Q,ATTO 612Q, CPQ2, QSY-21, QSY-35, QSY-7, QSY-9, DABCYL(4-([4′-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)benzoyl), Dnp (2,4-dinitrophenyl) orEclipse®.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent quencher may be a BHQ quencherincluding, but not limited to, BHQ0, BHQ1, BHQ2, BHQ3, or BBQ650. BHQ,or black hole quencher, dyes work through a combination of FRET andstatic quenching to enable avoidance of the residual background signalcommon to fluorescing quenchers such as TAMRA, or low signal-to-noiseratio. The different types of BHQ dyes are used to quench differentcolored dyes with BHQ1 used to quench green and yellow dyes such as FAM,TET, or HEX and BHQ2 used for quenching orange and red dyes. BHQ dyesare true dark quenchers with no native emission due to theirpolyacromatic-azo backbone. Substituting electron-donating andwithdrawing groups on the aromatic rings produces a complete series ofquenchers with broad absorption curves that span the visible spectrum.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent quencher may be an ATTO quencherincluding, but not limited to ATTO 540Q, ATTO 580Q, or ATTO 612Q. ATTOquenchers have characteristic properties of strong absorption (highextinction coefficient) and high photo-stability. ATTO quenchers areoften utilized as fluorescent quenchers on amine-labeled nucleotides forFRET experiments.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent quencher may be CPQ2. The quencherCPQ2 is often used as a pair with the fluorescent donor5-carboxylfluorescein.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent quencher may be a QSY quencherincluding but not limited to QSY-21, QSY-35, QSY-7, or QSY-9. QSY probesare dark quenchers, substances that absorb excitation energy from afluorophore and dissipate the energy as heat.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent quencher may be DABCYL(4-([4′-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)benzoyl). DABCYL is one of the mostpopular acceptors for developing FRET-based nucleic acid probes andprotease substrates. DABCYL dyes are often paired with EDANS inFRET-based fluorescent probes. DABCYL has a broad and intense visibleabsorption but no fluorescence.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent quencher may be Dnp(2,4-dinitrophenyl). Dnp is a stable quencher and its absorptionspectrum does not change with pH, which makes this group a convenientmarker for substrate quantitation in solutions.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent quencher may be Eclipse®. Eclipse®is a non-fluorescent chromophore and a dark quencher often used indual-labelled probes. As dark quenchers, Eclipse® absorbs energy withoutemitting fluorescence. Eclipse® has an absorption range from 390 nm to625 nm and is capable of effective performance in a wide range ofcolored FRET probes.

Carrier

In some aspects, the probe/molecule described herein comprises acarrier. The fluorescent quencher as described herein may be in anystructure. In some embodiments, the carrier may be a native, labeled orsynthetic protein, a synthetic chemical polymer of precisely knownchemical composition or with a distribution around a mean molecularweight (e.g. a linear or branched PEG polymers), an oligonucleotide, aphosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO), or a foldamer, a lipid, alipid micelle, a nanoparticle (e.g., iron oxide, gold, and non-metallicnanoparticles), a solid support made of polystyrene, polypropylene orany other type of plastic or polymer. In some embodiments, the carriermay be a peptide longer than the peptide linker. A carrier can becovalently or non-covalently attached to the cleavable linker.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a nanoparticle. The transport ofinsoluble drugs via nanoparticles is improving because of their smallparticle size. Nanoparticle carrier is a kind of sub-micro particledelivery system, which belongs to a nanoscale microscope. Drugsencapsulated in sub-particles can adjust the speed of drug release,increase the permeability of biofilm, change the distribution in vivo,and improve the bioavailability. Nanoparticles are solid colloidalparticles ranging in size from 10 to 100 nm used as a core infunctionalization systems. They are generally composed of natural orsynthetic macromolecule substances and can be used as carriers forconducting or transporting drugs. Nanospheres and nanocapsules can beformed. The chemical materials of nanomaterials are chitosan, gelatin,branched polymers, carbon-based carriers, etc. Gold nanoparticlesconsist of a core of gold atoms that can be functionalized by additionof a monolayer of moieties containing a thiol (SH) group.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a native, labeled or syntheticprotein. Proteins can be used as carriers for the delivery of chemicalsand biomolecular drugs, such as anticancer drugs and therapeuticproteins. Protein nanoparticles have several advantages as a drugdelivery system, such as biodegradability, stability, surfacemodification of particles, ease of particle size control, and they haveless problems associated with toxicity issues, such as immunogenicity.Protein nanoparticles can be generated using proteins, such as fibroins,albumin, gelatin, gliadine, legumin, 30Kc19, lipoprotein, and ferritinproteins, and are prepared through emulsion, electrospray, anddesolvation methods. Hong S, Choi D W, Kim H N, Park C G, Lee W, Park HH. Protein-Based Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics.2020; 12(7):604. Published 2020 Jun. 29. For example, albumin, a plasmaprotein with a molecular weight of 66 kDa, has been extensivelyinvestigated as a drug carrier

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a synthetic chemical polymer.Polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively investigated as drugnanocarriers. Drug loading is achieved either by (i) entrapment of anaqueous drug phase using the polymer to form nanoscale structures suchas cages and capsules or (ii) chemical linking of the drug molecules tothe polymer backbone by means of a simple ester or amide bond that canbe hydrolyzed in vivo. The most widely researched synthetic polymersinclude polylactide (PLA), poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) andPEG. All three polymers are hydrolyzed in vivo and are biodegradable.Malam Y, Loizidou M, Seifalian A M. Liposomes and nanoparticles:nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci.2009 November; 30(11):592-9.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEGhas been studied comprehensively as a carrier because it is soluble inboth organic and hydrophilic solvents. Unlike many other syntheticpolymers, PEG is relatively hydrophilic. Conjugation with PEG increasesthe solubility of hydrophobic molecules and prolongs the circulationtime in the organism. PEG also minimizes the nonspecific absorption of amolecule, such as a drug, provides specific affinity toward the targetedtissue, and increases the drug accumulation in malignant tissue. PEG canbe conjugated to other polymers to make them less hydrophobic (i.e.,PEGylation). The changes in surface hydrophilicity prevent proteinadsorption, thereby enabling cell adhesion and proliferation onbiomaterial scaffolds. The PMO backbone is made of morpholino rings withphosphorodiamidate linkage, which protects them from nucleasedegradation while still maintaining the complementary base pairing. Thepotential application of PMO-based antisense technology targetingbacterial pathogens is being explored for the development of a new classof antibacterial drugs. Panchal R G, Geller B L, Mellbye B, Lane D,Iversen P L, Bavari S. Peptide conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholinooligomers increase survival of mice challenged with Ames Bacillusanthracis. Nucleic Acid Ther. 2012; 22(5):316-322. Fluorescein-taggedMorpholinos combined with fluorescein-specific antibodies can be used asprobes for in-situ hybridization to miRNAs.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be an oligonucleotide. Biostable,high-payload DNA nanoassemblies of various structures, includingcage-like DNA nanostructure, DNA particles, DNA polypods, and DNAhydrogel, have been reported. Cage-like DNA structures hold drugmolecules firmly inside the structure and leave a large space within thecavity. These DNA nanostructures use their unique structure to carryabundant CpG, and their biocompatibility and size advantages to enterimmune cells to achieve immunotherapy for various diseases. Part of theDNA nanostructures can also achieve more effective treatment inconjunction with other functional components such as aPD1, RNA, TLRligands. DNA-based nanoparticles, such as spherical nucleic acids,hybrid DNA-based nanoparticles, polypod-like DNA nanostructure, DNAhydrogels have been reported. Chi Q, Yang Z, Xu K, Wang C and Liang H(2020) DNA Nanostructure as an Efficient Drug Delivery Platform forImmunotherapy. Front. Pharmacol. 10:1585.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a phosphorodiamidate Morpholinooligomer (PMO). Antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs)and their derivatives downregulate target gene expression in asequence-dependent manner by interfering with the binding of ribosome tomRNA and thereby inhibiting protein translation.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a lipid or a lipid micelle. Theliposome bilayer can be composed of either synthetic or naturalphospholipids. The predominant physical and chemical properties of aliposome are based on the net properties of the constituentphospholipids, including permeability, charge density and sterichindrance. The lipid bilayer closes in on itself due to interactionsbetween water molecules and the hydrophobic phosphate groups of thephospholipids. This process of liposome formation is spontaneous becausethe amphiphilic phospholipids self-associate into bilayers. Drug loadinginto liposomes can be achieved through (i) liposome formation in anaqueous solution saturated with soluble drug; (ii) the use of organicsolvents and solvent exchange mechanisms; (iii) the use of lipophilicdrugs; and (iv) pH gradient methods. Malam Y, Loizidou M, Seifalian A M.Liposomes and nanoparticles: nanosized vehicles for drug delivery incancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009 November; 30(11):592-9.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a solid support made ofpolystyrene, polypropylene or any other type of plastic. For example,drug delivery properties of microporous polystyrene solid foams havebeen reported by Canal et al. These materials were obtained bypolymerization in the continuous phase of highly concentrated emulsionsprepared by the phase inversion temperature method. Their porosity,specific surface and surface topography are associated with drugincorporation and release characteristics. Canal, Cristina & Aparicio,Rosa & Vilchez, Alejandro & Esquena, Jordi & Garcia-Celma, Maria.(2012). Drug Delivery Properties of Macroporous Polystyrene Solid Foams.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences: a publication of theCanadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Société canadienne dessciences pharmaceutiques. 15. 197-207.

In some embodiments, the carrier may be a foldamer. Foldamer, is afolded oligomer or polymer with a well-defined conformation. Theconformation of foldamers is highly predictable from their primarysequences, therefore, it is possible to arrange functional groups attarget positions and it may be possible to design functional foldamers,such as for efficient cellular uptake. For example, Cell-penetratingpeptide (CPP) foldamers are peptide-based foldamers equipped with cellmembrane permeabilities. Peptide foldamers contain unnatural aminoacids, non-proteinogenic amino acids, which make the peptide adopt astable secondary structure, especially helical structures, even in shortsequences. This property is helpful for the design of amphipathic CPPswith a stable helical structure. Furthermore, peptides containingunnatural amino acids generally exhibit resistance to hydrolysis byproteases, which are abundant throughout the body and in the cells. Highstability of the peptide foldamers against enzymatic degradation canlead to their prolonged function in vivo. Makoto Oba, Cell-PenetratingPeptide Foldamers: Drug Delivery Tools. ChemBioChem10.1002/cbic.201900204.

Self-Immolative Spacer

In some aspects, the probe/molecule described herein comprises aself-immolative spacer. In some embodiments, the self-immolative spacercomprise a disulfide, a p-amino benzyl alcohol, an a-quinone methidespacer, a hetheroaminebifuncional disulfide, a thiol-basedpirydazinediones, a p-aminebenzyloxycarbonyl, a dipeptide, a Gly-Pro(SEQ ID NO: 530), a L-Phe-Sar, a trans-cyclooctene tetrazine, a orthoHydroxy-protected Aryl sulfate, a phosphoramidate-based spacer, ahydroxybenzyl, a trimethyl carbamate, a quinone methide-based spacer, acyclizing spacer, a Trimethyl lock, a 2-amino methyl piperidine or anethylene diamine derived cyclizing spacer. Gonzaga et al. Perspectiveabout self-immolative drug delivery systems. Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 109 (2020) 3262-3281.

Cleavage of the cleavable linker by a predetermined protease or enzymemakes the self-immolative spacer dissociate from the precipitatingfluorescent or non-fluorescent reporter, thereby resulting in adetectable signal. The cleavable linker of the plurality ofprobes/molecules may be cleavable by a predetermined endoprotease in thebody fluid sample resulting in auto immolation and reporter release orresults in a protease substrate that can be cleaved by a predeterminedexopeptidase. In some embodiments, the predetermined exopeptidase isadded to the body fluid sample. In some embodiments, the predeterminedexopeptidase cleaves the protease substrate, thereby causing theself-immolative spacer to dissociate from the precipitating fluorescentreporter, thereby resulting in a detectable signal.

Body Fluid Samples

Determination of the disease or condition is based on the rate offormation or amount of the released reporter detected in the body fluidsample. In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be blood, serum,plasma, bone marrow fluid, lymphatic fluid, bile, amniotic fluid,mucosal fluid, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid,semen, ductal aspirate, feces, vaginal effluent, cyst fluid, tissuehomogenate, tissue-derived fluid, lachrymal fluid and patient-derivedcell line supernatant. In some embodiments, the body fluid samplecomprises a rinse fluid. In some embodiments, the rinse fluid may be amouthwash rinse, a bronchioalveolar rinse, a lavage fluid, a hair washrinse, a nasal spray effluent, a swab of any bodily surface, orifice ororgan structure applied to saline or any media or any derivativesthereof.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be blood. Blood is aconstantly circulating fluid providing the body with nutrition, oxygen,and waste removal. Blood is mostly liquid, with numerous cells andproteins suspended in it. Blood is made of several main factorsincluding plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be a plasma. Plasma isthe liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition ofan anticoagulant. Serum is the conventional term in the art for thefluid that remains when clotting factors are removed from plasma.Anticoagulants are medicines that help prevent blood clots. Examples ofanticoagulants include, but are not limited to, an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a citrate, a heparin, an oxalate, any salt,solvate, enantiomer, tautomer and geometric isomer thereof, or anymixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the anticoagulant may be EDTA. The main property ofEDTA, a polyprotic acid containing four carboxylic acid groups and twoamine groups with lone pair electrons, is the ability to chelate orcomplex metal ions in 1:1 metal-EDTA complexes. Owing to its strongcomplexation with metal ions that are cofactors for enzymes, EDTA iswidely used as a sequestering agent to prevent some enzyme reactionsfrom occurring. When blood is collected with no additives within anappropriate container (blood tube), it clots fairly quickly. As calciumions are necessary for this process, the specific association betweenthe carboxylic groups of EDTA and calcium is a reliable solution toprevent clotting, stabilizing whole blood in a fluid form, as requiredfor some laboratory analyses. Moreover, EDTA showed optimal extendedstabilization of blood cells and particles. Three EDTA formulations canbe employed as anticoagulants: Na₂EDTA, K2EDTA and K3EDTA, choice ofwhich mostly depends on the type of analyses to be performed.

In some embodiments, the anticoagulant may be a citrate. Citrate(C6H7O7) is a small negatively charged molecule with a molecular weightof 191 Daltons. Citrate can be used as the anticoagulant of choice forstored blood products, typically as acid citrate dextrose (ACD), (3.22%citrate, 112.9 mmol/l citrate, 123.6 mmol/l glucose, 224.4 mmol/l sodiumand 114.2 mmol/l hydrogen ions), or trisodium citrate (TCA)Na₃C3H₅O(COO)₃, (4% TCA, 136 mmol/l citrate, 420 mmol/l sodium). Citratechelates calcium, and at a concentration of 4-6 mmol/l with an ionizedcalcium of <0.2 mmol/l prevents activation of both coagulation cascadesand platelets. As such, citrate has been the standard anticoagulant usedby hematologists and blood transfusion services for stored bloodproducts and also as an extracorporeal anticoagulant for centrifugalplatelet and leucopheresis techniques and plasma exchange.

In some embodiments, the anticoagulant may be a heparin. The molecularbasis for the anticoagulant action of heparin lies in its ability tobind to and enhance the inhibitory activity of the plasma proteinantithrombin against several serine proteases of the coagulation system,most importantly factors IIa (thrombin), Xa and IXa. Two majormechanisms underlie heparin's potentiation of antithrombin. Theconformational changes induced by heparin binding cause both expulsionof the reactive loop and exposure of exosites of the surface ofantithrombin, which bind directly to the enzyme target; and a templatemechanism exists in which both inhibitor and enzyme bind to the sameheparin molecule. The relative importance of these two modes of actionvaries between enzymes. In addition, heparin can act through otherserine protease inhibitors such as heparin co-factor II, protein Cinhibitor and tissue factor plasminogen inhibitor. The antithromboticaction of heparin in vivo, though dominated by anticoagulant mechanisms,is more complex, and interactions with other plasma proteins and cellsplay significant roles in the living vasculature.

In some embodiments, the anticoagulant may be an oxalate. Sodium,potassium, ammonium, and lithium oxalates inhibit blood coagulation byforming insoluble complex with calcium. Potassium oxalate atconcentration of 1-2 mg/ml of blood is widely used. Combined ammoniumand/or potassium oxalate does not cause shrinkage of erythrocytes. Itconsists of three parts by weight of ammonium oxalate, which causesswelling of the erythrocytes, balanced by two parts of potassium oxalatewhich causes shrinkage. NH4+ & K+ oxalate mixture in the ratio of 3:2,and 2 mg/ml of blood is the required amount.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be bone marrow fluid.Bone marrow is found in the center of most bones and has many bloodvessels. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red marrowcontains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white bloodcells, or platelets. Yellow marrow is made mostly of fat.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be lymphatic fluid.Lymphatic fluid, also called lymph, is a collection of the extra fluidthat drains from cells and tissues, that is not reabsorbed into thecapillaries.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be bile. Bile is adigestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.During bile reflux, digestive fluid backs up into the stomach and, insome cases, the esophagus.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be amniotic fluid.Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds theunborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy. It is contained in the amnioticsac.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be mucosal fluid. Mucosalfluid, also called mucus, is a thick protective fluid that is secretedby mucous membranes and used to stop pathogens and dirt from enteringthe body. Mucus is also used to prevent bodily tissues from beingdehydrated.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be saliva. Saliva is anextracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in themouth.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be urine. Urine is aliquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be cerebrospinal fluid.Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinalcord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury and also servesas a nutrient delivery and waste removal system for the brain

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be synovial fluid.Synovial fluid, also known as joint fluid, is a thick liquid locatedbetween your joints. The fluid cushions the ends of bones and reducesfriction when joints are moved.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be semen. Semen is themale reproductive fluid which contains spermatozoa in suspension.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be ductal aspirate.Ductal aspirate, also known as ductal lavage, ductal fluid, or lavagefluid, is fluid collected from a duct, such as the milk duct of thebreast.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be feces. Feces, alsoknown as excrement or stool is waste matter discharged from the bowelsafter food has been digested.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be vaginal effluent.Vaginal effluent, also known as vaginal discharge, is a clear or whitishfluid that comes out of the vagina.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be lachrymal fluid.Lachrymal fluid, also known as lacrimal fluid, is secreted by thelacrimal glands to lubricate the eye and fight bacteria.

In some embodiments, the body fluid sample may be tissue homogenate. Atissue homogenate is obtained through mechanical micro-disruption offresh tissue and the cell membranes are mechanically permeabilized.

Proteases and Other Agents

The probe/molecule described herein may be cleaved by a protease fromthe body fluid. In some embodiments, the protease comprises anendopeptidase or an exopeptidase.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an endopeptidase. Anendopeptidase is an enzyme which breaks peptide bonds other thanterminal ones in a peptide chain.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an exopeptidase. Anexopeptidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the terminal orpenultimate peptide bond; the process releases a single amino acid ordipeptide from the peptide chain.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an A20 (TNFa-induced protein3), an abhydrolase domain containing 4, an abhydrolase domain containing12, an abhydrolase domain containing 12B, an abhydrolase domaincontaining 13, an acrosin, an acylaminoacyl-peptidase, a disintegrin andmetalloproteinase (ADAM), an ADAM1a, an ADAM2 (Fertilin-b), an ADAM3B,an ADAM4, an ADAM4B, an ADAM5, an ADAM6, an ADAM7, an ADAM8, an ADAM9,an ADAM10, an ADAM11, an ADAM12 metalloprotease, an ADAM15, an ADAM17,an ADAM18, an ADAM19, an ADAM20, an ADAM21, an ADAM22, an ADAM23, anADAM28, an ADAM29, an ADAM30, an ADAM32, an ADAM33, a disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), an ADAMTS1, anADAMTS2, an ADAMTS3, an ADAMTS4, an ADAMTS5/11, an ADAMTS6, an ADAMTS7,an ADAMTS8, an ADAMTS9, an ADAMTS10, an ADAMTS12, an ADAMTS13, anADAMTS14, an ADAMTS15, an ADAMTS16, an ADAMTS17, an ADAMTS18, anADAMTS19, an ADAMTS20, an adipocyte-enh. binding protein 1, an Afg3-likeprotein 1, an Afg3-like protein 2, an airway-trypsin-like protease, anaminoacylase, an aminopeptidase A, an aminopeptidase B, anaminopeptidase B-like 1, an aminopeptidase MAMS/L-RAP, an aminopeptidaseN, an aminopeptidase O, an aminopeptidase P homologue, an aminopeptidaseP1, an aminopeptidase PILS, an aminopeptidase Q, an aminopeptidase-like1, an AMSH/STAMBP, an AMSH-LP/STAMBPL1, an angiotensin-converting enzyme1 (ACE1), an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), anangiotensin-converting enzyme 3 (ACE3), an anionic trypsin (II), anapolipoprotein (a), an archaemetzincin-1, an archaemetzincin-2, anaspartoacylase, an aspartoacylase-3, an aspartyl aminopeptidase, anataxin-3, an ataxin-3 like, an ATP/GTP binding protein 1, an ATP/GTPbinding protein-like 2, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 3, an ATP/GTPbinding protein-like 4, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 5, an ATP23peptidase, an autophagin-1, an autophagin-2, an autophagin-3, anautophagin-4, an azurocidin, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a beta lactamase, abeta-secretase 1, a beta-secretase 2, a bleomycin hydrolase, a brainserine proteinase 2, a BRCC36 (BRCA2-containing complex, sub 3), acalpain, a calpain 1, a calpain 2, a calpain 3, a calpain 4, a calpain5, a calpain 6, a calpain 7, a calpain 7-like, a calpain 8, a calpain 9,a calpain 10, a calpain 11, a calpain 12, a calpain 13, a calpain 14, acalpain 15 (Solh protein), or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a cysteine protease, acarboxypeptidase A1, a carboxypeptidase A2, a carboxypeptidase A3, acarboxypeptidase A4, a carboxypeptidase A5, a carboxypeptidase A6, acarboxypeptidase B, a carboxypeptidase D, a carboxypeptidase E, acarboxypeptidase M, a carboxypeptidase N, a carboxypeptidase O, acarboxypeptidase U, a carboxypeptidase X1, a carboxypeptidase X2, acarboxypeptidase Z, a carnosine dipeptidase 1, a carnosine dipeptidase2, a caspase recruitment domain family, member 8, a caspase, acaspase-1, a caspase-2, a caspase-3, a caspase-4/11, a caspase-5, acaspase-6, a caspase-7, a caspase-8, a caspase-9, a caspase-10, acaspase-12, a caspase-14, a caspase-14-like, a casper/FLIP, a cathepsin,a cathepsin A (CTSA), a cathepsin B (CTSB), a cathepsin C (CTSC), acathepsin D (CTSD), a cathepsin E (CTSE), a cathepsin F, a cathepsin G,a cathepsin H (CTSH), a cathepsin K (CTSK), a cathepsin L (CTSL), acathepsin L2, a cathepsin O, a cathepsin S (CTSS), a cathepsin V (CTSV),a cathepsin W, a cathepsin Z (CTSZ), a cationic trypsin, a cezanne/OTUdomain containing 7B, a cezanne-2, a CGI-58, a chymase, a chymopasin, achymosin, a chymotrypsin B, a chymotrypsin C, a coagulation factor IXa,a coagulation factor VIIa, a coagulation factor Xa, a coagulation factorXIa, a coagulation factor XIIa, a collagenase 1, a collagenase 2, acollagenase 3, a complement protease C1r serine protease, a complementprotease C1s serine protease, a complement C1r-homolog, a complementcomponent 2, a complement component C1ra, a complement component C1sa, acomplement factor B, a complement factor D, a complement factor D-like,a complement factor I, a COPS6, a corin, a CSN5 (JAB1), acylindromatosis protein, a cytosol alanyl aminopep.-like 1, a cytosolalanyl aminopeptidase, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a DDI-related protease, aDECYSIN, a Der1-like domain family, member 1, a Der1-like domain family,member 2, a Der1-like domain family, member 3, a DESC1 protease, adesert hedgehog protein, a desumoylating isopeptidase 1, a desumoylatingisopeptidase 2, a dihydroorotase, a dihydropyrimidinase, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 1, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 2, a dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 5, a DINE peptidase, a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP), a dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP1), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), adipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 8 (DPP8), adipeptidyl-peptidase 9 (DPP9), a dipeptidyl-peptidase II, adipeptidyl-peptidase III, a dipeptidyl-peptidase 10 (DPP10), a DJ-1, aDNA-damage inducible protein, a DNA-damage inducible protein 2, a DUB-1,a DUB-2, a DUB2a, a DUB2a-like, a DUB2a-like2, a DUB6, or a combinationhereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an enamelysin, anendopeptidase C1p, an endoplasmic reticulum metallopeptidase 1, anendothelin-converting enzyme 1, an endothelin-converting enzyme 2, anenteropeptidase, an epidermis-specific SP-like, an epilysin, anepithelial cell transforming sequence 2 oncogene-like, an epitheliasin,an epoxide hydrolase, an epoxyde hydrolase related protein, an eukar.translation initiation F3SF, an eukar. translation initiation F3SH, or acombination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a Factor VII activatingprotease, a FACE-1/ZMPSTE24, a FACE-2/RCE1, a family with sequencesimilarity 108, member A1, a family with sequence similarity 108, memberB1, a family with sequence similarity 108, member C1, a family withsequence similarity 111, A, a family with sequence similarity 111, B, afurin, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a gamma-glutamyl hydrolase,a gamma-glutamyltransferase 1, a gamma-glutamyltransferase 2, agamma-glutamyltransferase 5, a gamma-glutamyltransferase 6, agamma-glutamyltransferase m-3, a gamma-glutamyltransferase-like 3, aGCDFP15, a gelatinase A, a gelatinase B, a Gln-fructose-6-P transamidase1, a Gln-fructose-6-P transamidase 2, a Gln-fructose-6-P transamidase 3,a Gln-PRPP amidotransferase, a glutamate carboxypeptidase II, aglutaminyl cyclase, a glutaminyl cyclase 2, a glycosylasparaginase, aglycosylasparaginase-2, a granzyme, a granzyme A, a granzyme B, agranzyme H, a granzyme K, a granzyme M, a haptoglobin-1, or acombination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a histone deacetylase(HDAC), a haptoglobin-related protein, a HAT-like 2, a HAT-like 3, aHAT-like 4, a HAT-like 5, a HAT-related protease, HSP90AA1? (a heatshock 90 kDa protein 1, alpha), HSP90AB1? (a heat shock 90 kDa protein1, beta), a heat shock protein 75, a heat shock protein 90 kDa beta(Grp94), member 1/tumor rejection antigen (gp96), a hepatocyte growthfactor, a hepsin, a HetF-like, a HGF activator, a hGPI8, a Hin-1/OTUdomain containing 4, a homologue ICEY, a HP43.8KD, a HTRA1 serineprotease, a HTRA2, a HTRA3, a HTRA4, a hyaluronan-binding ser-protease,a implantation serine protease 2, a indian hedgehog protein, ainsulysin, a intestinal serine protease 1, a josephin-1, a josephin-2,or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a Kallikrein (KLK), akallikrein hK1, a kallikrein hK2, a kallikrein hK3, a kallikrein hK4, akallikrein hK5, a kallikrein hK6, a kallikrein hK7, a kallikrein hK8, akallikrein hK9, a kallikrein hK10, a kallikrein hK11, a kallikrein hK12,a kallikrein hK13, a kallikrein hK14, a kallikrein hK15, a Kellblood-group protein, a KHNYN KH and NYN domain containing, alactotransferrin, a legumain, a leishmanolysin-2, a leucylaminopeptidase, a leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase, a leukotriene A4hydrolase, a lysosomal carboxypeptidase A, a lysosomal Pro-XC-peptidase, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a membranemetallo-endopeptidase (MME), a macrophage elastase, amacrophage-stimulating protein, a mammalian tolloid-like 1 protein, amammalian tolloid-like 2 protein, a MAP1D methione aminopeptidase 1D, amarapsin, a marapsin 2, a MASP1/3 (a MBL associated serine protease 3),a MBL associated serine protease 2 (MASP2), a mastin, a matrilysin, amatrilysin-2, a matriptase, a matriptase-2, a matriptase-3, a membranedipeptidase, a membrane dipeptidase 2, a membrane dipeptidase 3, amembrane-type mosaic Ser-protein, a meprin alpha subunit, a meprin betasubunit, a mesoderm-specific transcript, a mesotrypsin, a methionylaminopeptidase I, a methionyl aminopeptidase II, a methionylaminopeptidase II-like, a mitochondrial inner membrane protease 2, amitochondrial Intermediate peptidase, a mitochondrial Proc. peptidaseb-subunit, a mitochondrial proc. protease, a mitochondrial signalpeptidase, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a MMP19, a MMP21, a MMP23A,a MMP23B, a MMP27, a MPND, a MT1-MMP, a MT2-MMP, a MT3-MMP, a MT4-MMP, aMT5-MMP, a MT6-MMP, a MYSM1, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a NAALADASE II, a NAALADASElike 2, a NAALADASE like 1, a napsin A, a napsin B, a nardilysin, anasal embryonic LHRH factor, a NEDD4 binding protein 1, a neprilysin, aneprilysin-2, a neurolysin, a neurotrypsin, a neutrophil elastase(ELANE, ELA2), a NLRP1 self-cleaving protein, a nuclear recept.interacting protein 2, a nuclear recept. interacting protein 3, anucleoporin 98, a NYN domain and retroviral integrase containing, aNY-REN-60, an OMA1, an O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, anO-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase like 1, an osteoblast serine protease,an OTU domain containing 6B, an OTU domain containing-1, an OTU domaincontaining-3, an OTU domain containing-5, an OTU domain containing-6A,an otubain-1, an otubain-2, an OTUD2/YOD1, an ovastacin, anoviductin-like/ovochymase-2, an ovochymase-like, or a combinationhereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a proteinase 3 (PRTN3), apapain, a PACE4 proprotein convertase, a pancreatic elastase, apancreatic elastase II (IIA), a pancreatic elastase II form B, apancreatic endopeptidase E (A), a pancreatic endopeptidase E (B), apappalysin-1, a pappalysin-2, a paracaspase, a paraplegin, a pepsin A, apepsin C, a PHEX endopeptidase, a PIDD auto-processing protein unit 1, aPIM1 endopeptidase, a PIM2 endopeptidase, a pitrilysin metalloproteinase1, a plasma Glu-carboxypeptidase, a plasma kallikrein, aplasma-kallikrein-like 2, a plasma-kallikrein-like 3, aplasma-kallikrein-like 4, a plasmin (plasminogen), a PM20D2 peptidase, aPOH1/PSMD14, a polyserase-2, a polyserase-3, a polyserase-I, a Ppnx, apresenilin 1, a presenilin 2, a presenilin homolog 1/SPPL3, a presenilinhomolog 2, a presenilin homolog 3/SPP, a presenilin homolog 4/SPPL2B, apresenilin homolog 5, a presenilins-assoc. rhomboid like, a procollagenC-proteinase, a proliferation-association protein 1, a prolyloligopeptidase, a prolyl oligopeptidase-like, a proprotein convertase 1,a proprotein convertase 2, a proprotein convertase 4, a proproteinconvertase 5, a proprotein convertase 7, a proprotein convertase 9 (aproprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PCSK9), a prostasin, (aprotease, serine, 56), a proteasome alpha 1 subunit, a proteasome alpha2 subunit, a proteasome alpha 3 subunit, a proteasome alpha 3-likesubunit, a proteasome alpha 4 subunit, a proteasome alpha 5 subunit, aproteasome alpha 6 subunit, a proteasome alpha 7 subunit, a proteasomealpha 8 subunit, a proteasome b subunit LMP7-like, a proteasome beta 1subunit, a proteasome beta 2 subunit, a proteasome beta 3 subunit, aproteasome beta 3-like subunit, a proteasome beta 4 subunit, aproteasome catalytic sub. 1-like, a proteasome catalytic subunit 1, aproteasome catalytic subunit 1i, a proteasome catalytic subunit 2, aproteasome catalytic subunit 2i, a proteasome catalytic subunit 3, aproteasome catalytic subunit 3i, a protein C, a protein C-like, aprotein Z, a proteinase 3, a PRPF8, a PSMD7, a pyroglutamyl-peptidase I,a pyroglutamyl-peptidase II, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a reelin, a renin, a retinolbinding protein 3, a rhomboid 5 homolog 1, a rhomboid 5 homolog 2, arhomboid domain containing 1, a rhomboid domain containing 2, arhomboid, veinlet-like 2, a rhomboid, einlet-like 3, a rhomboid-likeprotein 1, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a serine protease, a serineprotease 3 (PRSS3), a S2P protease, a SAD1, a secernin-1, a secernin-2,a secernin-3, a sentrin (SUMO protease 1), a sentrin (SUMO protease 2),a sentrin (SUMO protease 3), a sentrin (SUMO protease 5), a sentrin(SUMO protease 5-like 1), a sentrin (SUMO protease 6), a sentrin (SUMOprotease 7), a sentrin (SUMO protease 8), a sentrin (SUMO protease 9), asentrin (SUMO protease 11), a sentrin (SUMO protease 12), a sentrin(SUMO protease 13), a sentrin (SUMO protease 14), a sentrin (SUMOprotease 15), a sentrin (SUMO protease 16), a sentrin (SUMO protease17), a sentrin (SUMO protease 18), a sentrin (SUMO protease 19), aseparase, a seprase, a serine carboxypeptidase 1, a signalase 18 kDacomponent, a signalase 21 kDa component, a signalase-like 1, a similarto Arabidopsis Ser-prot., a similar to SPUVE, a site-1 protease, a sonichedgehog protein, a spinesin, a SprT-like N-terminal domain, astromelysin 1, a stromelysin 2, a stromelysin 3, a suppressor of Ty 16homolog, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a taspase, a TBP-associatedfactor 2, a TESP2, a TESP3, a testase 2, a testis serine protease 2, atestis serine protease 3, a testis serine protease 4, a testis serineprotease 5, a testis serine protease 6, a testisin, a testis-specificprotein tsp50, a thimet oligopeptidase, a thrombin, a thymus-specificserine peptidase, a TINAG related protein, a TMPRSS11A, a t-plasminogenactivator, a TRAF-binding protein domain, a transferrin receptor 2protein, a transferrin receptor protein, a transmembrane Ser-protease 3,a transmembrane Ser-protease 4, a transthyretin, a TRH-degradingectoenzyme, a tripeptidyl-peptidase I, a tripeptidyl-peptidase II, atrypsin, a trypsin 10, a trypsin 15, a trypsin C, a trypsin X2, atryptase, a tryptase alpha/beta 1, a tryptase beta 2, a tryptase delta1, a tryptase gamma 1, a tryptase homolog 2/EOS, a tryptase homolog 3, atubulointerstitial nephritis antigen, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a ubiquitin C-term.hydrolase BAP1, a ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 1, a ubiquitinC-terminal hydrolase 3, a ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 4, a ubiquitinC-terminal hydrolase 5, a ubiquitin specific peptidase like 1, a UCR1, aUCR2, a UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit, a Ufm-1 specificprotease 1, a Ufm-1 specific protease 2, a urokinase (PLAU, uPA) aumbilical vein proteinase, a u-plasminogen activator, a USP1, a USP2, aUSP3, a USP4, a USP5, a USP6, a USP7, a USP8, a USP9X, a USP9Y, a USP10,a USP11, a USP12, a USP13, a USP14, a USP15, a USP16, a USP17, aUSP17-like, a USP18, a USP19, a USP20, a USP21, a USP22, a USP24, aUSP25, a USP26, a USP27, a USP28, a USP29, a USP30, a USP31, a USP34, aUSP35, a USP36, a USP37, a USP40, a USP41, a USP42, a USP43, a USP44, aUSP45, a USP46, a USP47, a USP48, a USP49, a USP50, a USP51, a USP52, aUSP53, a USP54, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a VCP (p97)/p47-interactingprotein, a VDU1, a vitellogenic carboxypeptidase-L, a X-Pro dipeptidase,a X-prolyl aminopeptidase 2, a YME1-like 1, a zinc finger CCCH-typecontaining 12A, a zinc finger CCCH-type containing 12B, a zinc fingerCCCH-type containing 12C, a zinc finger CCCH-type containing 12D, a Zincfinger containing ubiquitin peptidase 1, or a combination hereof.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an A20 (Tumor necrosisfactor, alpha-induced protein 3, TNF a-induced protein 3). A20 is a zincfinger protein and a deubiquitinating enzyme. A20 has been shown toinhibit NF-kappa B activation as well as TNF-mediated apoptosis, limitinflammation.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an Angiotensin-convertingenzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is an enzyme attached to the membrane cellslocated to the membrane of cells located in the intestines, kidney,testis, gallbladder, and heart. ACE2 counters the activity of therelated angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE, by reducing the amount ofangiostatin II.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a cathepsin. The cathepsinmay be, but is not limited to, a cathepsin A (CTSA), a cathepsin B(CTSB), a cathepsin C (CTSC), a cathepsin D (CTSD), a cathepsin E(CTSE), a cathepsin H (CTSH), a cathepsin K (CTSK), a cathepsin L(CTSL), a cathepsin S (CTSS), a cathepsin V (CTSV), and a cathepsin Z(CTSZ). Cathepsins are a subset of proteases, many of which becomeactivated in low pH. Cathepsisns comprise serine proteases, cysteineproteases, and aspartyl proteases, among others. Cathepsins have beenimplicated in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, Ebola,pancreatitis, glaucoma, COPD, and other diseases.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a caspase. The caspase maybe, but is not limited to, a caspase 1, a caspase 2, a caspase 3, acaspase 4, a caspase 5, a caspase 6, a caspase 7, a caspase 8, a caspase9, a caspase 10, a caspase 11, a caspase 12, a caspase 13, and a caspase14.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a calpain. The calpain maybe, but is not limited to a calpain 1, a calpain 2, a calpain 3, acalpain 4, a calpain 5, a calpain 6, a calpain 7, a calpain 8, a calpain9, a calpain 10, a calpain 11, a calpain 12, a calpain 13, a calpain 14,and a calpain 15. Caspases are a family of protease enzymes that playessential roles in programmed cell death and cell homeostasis.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a cysteine protease.Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, are hydrolase enzymesthat degrade proteins. These proteases share a common catalyticmechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine thiol in a catalytictriad or dyad. The cysteine protease family comprises Papain (Caricapapaya), bromelain (Ananas comosus), cathepsin K (liverwort), calpain(Homo sapiens), aspase-1 (Rattus norvegicus), separase (Saccharomycescerevisiae), Adenain (human adenovirus type 2), Pyroglutamyl-peptidase I(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Sortase A (Staphylococcus aureus),Hepatitis C virus peptidase 2 (hepatitis C virus), Sindbis virus-typensP2 peptidase (sindbis virus), Dipeptidyl-peptidase VI (Lysinibacillussphaericus), DeSI-1 peptidase (Mus musculus), TEV protease (tobacco etchvirus), Amidophosphoribosyltransferase precursor (Homo sapiens),Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (Rattus norvegicus), Hedgehog protein(Drosophila melanogaster) and DmpA aminopeptidase (Ochrobactrumanthropi), etc.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a complement C1r serineprotease (Complement component 1r). In some embodiments, the proteasecomprises a complement C1s serine protease (Complement component is).C1r along with C1q and C1s form the C1 complex. C1r has very narrowtrypsin-like specificity that is responsible for activation of the C1complex. C1 activation is a two-step process involving (1) C1rintramolecular autoactivation and (2) C1s cleavage by activated C1r. C1rcontains a chymotrypsin-like serine protease domain at its C-terminal,and cleaves a single Arg-Ile bond in C1r and in C1s. Zvi Fishelson, inxPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 2007.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a chymotrypsin(chymotrypsins A and B, alpha-chymar ophth, avazyme, chymar, chymotest,enzeon, quimar, quimotrase, alpha-chymar, alpha-chymotrypsin A,alpha-chymotrypsin)). Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme component ofpancreatic juice acting in the duodenum, where it performs proteolysis,the breakdown of proteins and polypeptides. Chymotrypsin preferentiallycleaves peptide amide bonds where the side chain of the amino acidN-terminal to the scissile amide bond is a large hydrophobic amino acid(tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine).

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a chymase (mast cellprotease 1, skeletal muscle protease, skin chymotryptic proteinase, mastcell serine proteinase, skeletal muscle protease). Chymases are a familyof serine proteases found in mast cells, basophil granulocytes. Chymasesshow broad peptidolytic activity and are involved in inflammatoryresponse, hypertension and atherosclerosis.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a dipeptidyl peptidase(DPP). DPP comprises cathepsin C (DPP1), DPP2, DPP3, DPP4, DPP 6, DPP7,DPP8, DPP9, DPP10.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a DPP4 (adenosine deaminasecomplexing protein 2, CD26). DPP4 is expressed on cell surface and isassociated with immune regulation, signal transduction, and apoptosis.DPP4 is a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline or X-alaninedipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. DPP-4 is known to cleavea broad range of substrates including growth factors, chemokines,neuropeptides, and vasoactive peptides. DPP4 plays a major role inglucose metabolism, is responsible for the degradation of incretins suchas GLP-1, and appears to work as a suppressor in the development of sometumors

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a DPP1 (Cathepsin C, CTSC).DPP1 is a lysosomal exo-cysteine protease belonging to the peptidase C1family. Cathepsin C appears to be a central coordinator for activationof many serine proteases in immune/inflammatory cells. Cathepsin Ccatalyzes excision of dipeptides from the N-terminus of protein andpeptide substrates,

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a disintegrin andmetalloproteinase (ADAM). ADAMs are a family of single-passtransmembrane and secreted metalloendopeptidases. Not all human ADAMshave a functional protease domain. Those ADAMs which are activeproteases are classified as sheddases because they cut off or shedextracellular portions of transmembrane proteins.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an ADAM12 metalloprotease.ADAM12 binds insulin growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), appearsto be an early Down syndrome marker, and has been implicated in avariety of biological processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrixinteractions, including fertilization, muscle development, andneurogenesis.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS). ADAMTS is afamily of multidomain extracellular protease enzymes, comprisingADAMTS1, ADAMTS2, ADAMTS3, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5 (=ADAMTS11), ADAMTS6,ADAMTS7, ADAMTS8 (or METH-2), ADAMTS9, ADAMTS10, ADAMTS12, ADAMTS13,ADAMTS14, ADAMTS15, ADAMTS16, ADAMTS17, ADAMTS18, ADAMTS19, andADAMTS20. Known functions of the ADAMTS proteases include processing ofprocollagens and von Willebrand factor as well as cleavage of aggrecan,versican, brevican and neurocan, making them key remodeling enzymes ofthe extracellular matrix. They have been demonstrated to have importantroles in connective tissue organization, coagulation, inflammation,arthritis, angiogenesis and cell migration.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises an ADAMTS1. ADAMTS1 is amember of the ADAMTS protein family. The expression of ADAMTS1 may beassociated with various inflammatory processes, development of cancercachexia, normal growth, fertility, and organ morphology and function.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a Factor VII activatingprotease (FSAP). FSAP is a circulating serine protease with highhomology to fibrinolytic enzymes, and may be associated with theregulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a furin. Furin belongs tothe subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family, and is acalcium-dependent serine endoprotease. Furin's substrates includes:proparathyroid hormone, transforming growth factor beta 1 precursor,proalbumin, pro-beta-secretase, membrane type-1 matrixmetalloproteinase, beta subunit of pro-nerve growth factor and vonWillebrand factor.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a histone deacetylase(HDAC). HDACs are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O═C—CH3)from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone, allowing the histonesto wrap the DNA more tightly.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a HTRA1 serine protease.HTRA1 is a secreted enzyme that is proposed to regulate the availabilityof insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF-binding proteins.It has also been suggested to be a regulator of cell growth.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a granzyme. Granzymes areserine proteases released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic Tcells and natural killer (NK) cells. Granzymes induce programmed celldeath in the target cell. Granzymes also kill bacteria and inhibit viralreplication.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises, a Kallikrein (KLK).Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases. Kallikreins areresponsible for the coordination of various physiological functionsincluding blood pressure, semen liquefaction and skin desquamation.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a matrix metalloproteinase(MMP, matrix metallopeptidases, matrixins). MPPs are calcium-dependentzinc-containing endopeptidases. MMPs have been implicated in cleavage ofcell surface receptors, the release of apoptotic ligands,chemokine/cytokine inactivation, cell proliferation and cell migration.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a membranemetallo-endopeptidase (MME). MME is a zinc-dependent metalloproteasethat cleaves peptides at the amino side of hydrophobic residues andinactivates several peptide hormones including glucagon, enkephalins,substance P, neurotensin, oxytocin, and bradykinin. MME is expressed ina wide variety of tissues and is particularly abundant in kidney. MME isalso a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a mannose-bindingprotein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP2, Mannan-binding lectinserine protease 2, MBL associated serine protease 2). MASP2 is involvedin the complement system, cleaves complement components C4 and C2 intoC4a, C4b, C2a, and C2b.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a mannose-bindingprotein-associated serine protease 3 (MBL associated serine protease 3,MASP3). MASP3 originates from the MASP1 gene through differentialsplicing, it circulates in high serum concentrations predominantly incomplex with Ficolin-3 and regulates Ficolin-3 mediated complementactivation.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a neutrophil elastase(ELANE, ELA2). ELANE is a serine proteinase secreted by neutrophils andmicrophages during inflammation and destroys bacteria and host tissue.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a proteinase 3 (PRTN3).PRTN3 is a serine protease enzyme expressed mainly in neutrophilgranulocytes and contributes to the proteolytic generation ofantimicrobial peptides.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a plasmin (a.k.a.plasminogen). Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme derived from an inertplasma precursor known as plasminogen. It is present in blood thatdegrades many blood plasma proteins, including fibrin clots. In human,plasmin is encoded by PLG gene.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a pepsin. Pepsin is anendopeptidase that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides. It is anaspartic protease, using a catalytic aspartate in its active site.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a presenilin-1 (PS-1). PS-1is a presenilin protein that is one of the four core proteins in thegamma secretase complex, which is considered to play an important rolein generation of amyloid beta from amyloid precursor protein.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a proprotein convertasesubtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). PCSK9 is a member of the peptidase S8family.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a serine protease. Serineprotease cleaves peptide bonds in proteins, in which serine serves asthe nucleophilic amino acid at the enzyme's active site. Serine proteaseincludes many subfamilies.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a tryptase. Tryptase is athe most abundant secretory granule-derived serine proteinase containedin mast cells and has been used as aa marker for mast cell activation.It is released from mask cells when they are activated as part of anormal immune response as well as in allergic responses.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises, a trypsin. Trypsin is aserine protease from the PA clan superfamily, found in the digestivesystem. Trypsin cuts peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of theamino acids lysine or arginine.

In some embodiments, the protease comprises a urokinase (PLAU, uPA).Urokinase is a serine protease present in humans and other animals. Itis present in human urine, blood and in the extracellular matrix of manytissues. It is involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix andpossibly tumor cell migration and proliferation. Urokinase is a411-residue protein, consisting of three domains: the serine proteasedomain, the kringle domain, and the EGF-like domain. Urokinase issynthesized as a zymogen form (prourokinase or single-chain urokinase),and is activated by proteolytic cleavage between Lys158 and Ile159. Thetwo resulting chains are kept together by a disulfide bond.

Described herein are agents to be detected including but are not limitedto a oxidoreductase, a transferase, a hydrolase, a lyase, a isomerase, aligase, a protease, a hydrolase, an esterase, a β-glycosidase, aphospholipase and a phosphodiesterase, peroxidase, lipase, amylase anucleophilic reagent, a reducing reagent, a electrophilic/acidicreagent, an organometallic/metal catalyst, an oxidizing reagent, ahydroxyl ion, a thiols nucleophile, a nitrogen nucleophile, a sodiumdithionite and a sodium periodate.

As described herein, the activity detection of some agents does not relyon cleavage. For example, some oxidoreductases, transferases,hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases lead to the substrate linkermodification and release or formation of a reporter molecule that can bedetected. As a way of illustration, a certain oxidation processes canmodify an inactive fluorophore and render it fluorescent/detectablewithout the need of a substrate linker or binding events (fornon-covalent processes) can change magnetic/fluorescentphysical-chemical properties of certain reporters and render themdetectable.

Disease and Condition

The method described herein comprise determining a disease or conditionof the subject. In some aspects, the disease or condition comprises aliver disease, a cancer, a metabolic disease, a fibrotic disease, anorgan transplant rejection, an infectious disease, an allergic disease,an autoimmunity, Alzheimer's or a chronic inflammation. In someembodiments, the liver disease may be a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a toxin mediatedliver injury (drug/medication, alcohol, environmental), a viralhepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, other virus infecting the liver), anautoimmune hepatitis, a primary biliary cholangitis, a primarysclerosing cholangitis, a fulminant hepatitis, a cirrhosis of the liver,a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a cholangiocarcinoma, an acute orchronic rejection of a transplanted liver, an inherited liver disease(e.g. Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, or alpha-1 antitrypsin) or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cancer comprises adenoid cystic carcinoma,adrenal gland tumors, amyloidosis, anal cancer, appendix cancer,astrocytoma, ataxia-telangiectasia, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, bileduct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma), Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome, bladdercancer, bone cancer (sarcoma of the bone), brain stem glioma, braintumors, breast cancer, Carney complex, central nervous system tumors,cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, Cowden Syndrome, craniopharyngioma,Desmoid tumors, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, ependymoma,esophageal cancer, Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer, eyelid cancer, familialadenomatous polyposis, familial GIST, familial malignant melanoma,familial pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal stromaltumors (GIST), germ cell tumors, gestational trophoblastic disease, headand neck cancer, breast and ovarian cancer, diffuse gastric cancer,leiomyosarcoma and renal cell cancer, mixed polyposis syndrome,papillary renal carcinoma, juvenile polyposis syndrome, kidney cancer,lacrimal gland tumors, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, leukemia,myeloid leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia,Li-Fraumeni syndrome, liver cancer, lung cancer, Hodgkin lung cancer,non-Hodgkin lung cancer, Lynch syndrome, mastocytosis, medulloblastoma,melanoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, multiple endocrine neoplasia,multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, nasal cavity and paranasalsinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, neuroendocrinetumors, neurofibromatosis, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, oraland oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, fallopian tubecancer, peritoneal cancer, pancreatic cancer, parathyroid cancer, penilecancer, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, phenochromocytoma, paraganglioma,pituitary gland tumors, pleuropulmonary blastoma, prostate cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, Kaposi sarcoma,soft tissue sarcoma, sarcoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, small bowelcancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma,thyroid cancer, tuberous sclerosis complex, uterine cancer, vaginalcancer, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, vulvar cancer, Waldenstrommacroglobulinemia, Werner syndrome, Wilms tumors, or xerodermapigmentosum.

In some embodiments, the disease may be NASH. Non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis, also called NASH, is a more active inflammatory form ofnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is caused by buildup offat in the liver. When this buildup causes inflammation and damage, itis known as NASH, which can lead to scarring of the liver. There areoften no outward signs or symptoms associated with NASH, although themost common symptoms are fatigue or mild pain in the upper rightabdomen. NASH may lead to cirrhosis of the liver, causing one or more ofthe following symptoms as the condition progresses: bleeding easily,bruising easily, itchy skin, jaundice, abdominal fluid accumulation,loss of appetite, nausea, leg swelling, confusion, drowsiness, slurredspeech, or spider-like blood vessels.

NASH is most common in patients who are overweight or obese; other riskfactors include diabetes, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, poordiet, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, sleep apnea, andhyperthyroidism.

NAFLD encompasses the entire spectrum of fatty liver disease inindividuals without significant alcohol consumption, ranging from fattyliver to steatohepatitis to cirrhosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver is thepresence of >5% hepatic steatosis without evidence of hepatocellularinjury in the form of ballooning of the hepatocytes or evidence offibrosis. The risk of progression to cirrhosis and liver failure isconsidered minimal. NASH is the presence of >5% hepatic steatosis withinflammation and hepatocyte injury (ballooning) with or withoutfibrosis. This can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and rarelyliver cancer. NASH cirrhosis is presence of cirrhosis with current orprevious histological evidence of steatosis or steatohepatitis.

NAS is an unweighted composite of steatosis, lobular inflammation, andballooning scores. NAS is a useful tool to measure changes in liverhistology in patients with NAFLD in clinical trials. Fibrosis is scoredseparately and can be classified as F1 through F4; specifically, stage 1is zone 3 (perivenular), perisinusoidal, or periportal fibrosis; stage 2is both zone 3 and periportal fibrosis; stage 3 is bridging fibrosiswith nodularity; and stage 4 is cirrhosis.

TABLE 3 The histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease: components of NAFLD activity score (NAS) and fibrosis staging.Item Score Extent Definition and Comment NAS Components (see scoringinterpretation) Steatosis 0 <5% Refers to amount of surface areainvolved by steatosis 1 5-33% as evaluated on low to medium powerexamination. 2 >33-66% 3 >66% Lobular 0 No foci Acidophil bodies are notincluded in this assessment, Inflammation 1 <2 foci/200x nor is portalinflammation 2 2-4 foci/200x 3 >4 foci/200x Hepatocyte 0 None Ballooning1 Few ballooned “Few” means rare but definite ballooned hepatocytes ascells well as cases that are diagnostically borderline 2 Many Most caseswith prominent ballooning also had cells/prominent Mallory”s hyalin, butMallory”s hyaline is not scored ballooning separately for the NASFibrosis Stage (Evaluated separately from NAS) Fibrosis 0 None 1Perisinusoidal or periportal 1A Mild, zone 3, “delicate” fibrosisperisinusoidal 1B Moderate, zone 3, “dense” fibrosis perisinusoidal 1CPortal/periportal This category is included to accommodate cases withportal and/or peri portal fibrosis without accompanyingpericellular/perisinusoidal fibrosis 2 Perisinusoidal andportal/periportal 3 Bridging fibrosis 4 Cirrhosis Scoringinterpretation: Total NAS score represents the sum of scores forsteatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning, and ranges from 0-8.Diagnosis of NASH (or, alternatively, fatty liver not diagnostic ofNASH) should be made first, then NAS is used to grade activity. In thereference study, NAS scores of 0-2 occurred in cases largely considerednot diagnostic of NASH, scores of 3-4 were evenly divided among thoseconsidered not diagnostic, borderline, or positive for NASH. Scores of5-8 occurred in cases that were largely considered diagnostic of NASH

In some embodiments, the disease may be NAFLD. Nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD) is an umbrella term for a range of liver conditionsaffecting people who drink little to no alcohol. As the name implies,the main characteristic of NAFLD is too much fat stored in liver cells.There are often no outward signs or symptoms associated with NAFLD,although the most common symptoms are fatigue or mild pain in the upperright abdomen.

In some embodiments, the disease may be fulminant hepatitis. Fulminanthepatitis, or fulminant hepatic failure, is defined as a clinicalsyndrome of severe liver function impairment, which causes hepatic comaand the decrease in synthesizing capacity of liver. Then they rapidlydevelop severe, often life-threatening liver failure. This can happenwithin hours, days, or sometimes weeks. Symptoms of severe liver failureinclude confusion, extreme irritability, altered consciousness, bloodclotting defects, and buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity andmultiorgan system failure.

In some embodiments, the disease may be a hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). HCC is the most common type of primary liver cancer. HCC occursmost often in people with chronic liver diseases leading to advancedfibrosis or cirrhosis. The most common liver diseases associated withHCC are viral hepatitis B or C, alcohol related liver disease and NASH.

In some embodiments, the disease may be a primary biliary cholangitis(PBC). Primary biliary cholangitis, previously called primary biliarycirrhosis, is a chronic disease in which the bile ducts in the liver areslowly destroyed. Bile is a fluid made in the liver. Chronicinflammation in the liver can lead to bile duct damage, irreversiblescarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis) and eventually, liver failure. PBCis considered an autoimmune disease, which means the body's immunesystem is mistakenly attacking healthy cells and tissue. Researchersthink a combination of genetic and environmental factors triggers thedisease. It usually develops slowly. At this time, there's no cure forprimary biliary cholangitis, but medication can slow liver damage,especially if treatment begins early.

In some embodiments, the liver disease may be a toxin mediated liverinjury (e.g., from drug/medication, alcohol, environmental). Toxinmediated liver injury is an inflammation of liver in reaction to certainsubstances, such as alcohol, chemicals, drugs/medication, environmentalfactors or nutritional supplements. The liver normally removes andbreaks down most drugs and chemicals from the bloodstream, which createsbyproducts that can damage the liver. Although the liver has a greatcapacity for regeneration, constant exposure to toxic substances cancause serious, sometimes irreversible harm.

In some embodiments, the liver disease may be a viral hepatitis (HAV,HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, other virus infecting the liver). Viral hepatitis isa liver inflammation due to a viral infection. It may present in acuteform as a recent infection with relatively rapid onset, or in chronicform. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelatedhepatotropic viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Other viruses can alsocause liver inflammation, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus,and yellow fever. There also have been scores of recorded cases of viralhepatitis caused by herpes simplex virus. Viral hepatitis is eithertransmitted through contaminated food or water (A, E) or via blood andbody fluids (B, C). Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented byvaccination. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available butcostly.

In some embodiments, the liver disease may be an autoimmune hepatitis.Autoimmune hepatitis is liver inflammation that occurs when the immunesystem attacks liver cells. The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis isunclear, but genetic and environmental factors appear to interact overtime in triggering the disease. Untreated autoimmune hepatitis can leadto scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and eventually to liver failure.When diagnosed and treated early, autoimmune hepatitis often can becontrolled with drugs that suppress the immune system. A livertransplant may be an option when autoimmune hepatitis doesn't respond todrug treatments or in cases of advanced liver disease. There are twomain forms of autoimmune hepatitis: (1) Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis.Type I autoimmune hepatitis is the most common type and can occur at anyage. About half the people with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis have otherautoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis orulcerative colitis; (2) Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Although adults candevelop type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, it's most common in children andyoung people. Other autoimmune diseases may accompany type 2 autoimmunehepatitis.

In some embodiments, the liver disease may be a primary sclerosingcholangitis. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a disease of the bileducts. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammation causes scarswithin the bile ducts. These scars make the ducts hard and narrow andgradually cause serious liver damage. A majority of people with primarysclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease, such asulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In most cases of primarysclerosing cholangitis, the disease progresses slowly. It can eventuallylead to liver failure, repeated infections, and tumors of the bile ductor liver.

In some embodiments, the liver disease may be a cirrhosis of the liver.Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused bymany forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis andchronic alcoholism. In the process of liver self-repair, scar tissueforms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, makingit difficult for the liver to function (decompensated cirrhosis).

In some embodiments, the liver disease may be a cholangiocarcinoma.Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) is a type of cancer that forms inthe bile ducts. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primarysclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts),ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection withcertain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations.Cholangiocarcinoma can be categorized based on the location of thecancer occurs in the bile ducts: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hilarcholangiocarcinoma, distal cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma isoften diagnosed when it is advanced, making successful treatmentdifficult to achieve.

In some embodiments, the liver disease may be an inherited liver disease(e.g., Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, or alpha-1 antitrypsin, etc.)Inherited liver diseases are genetic disorders that can cause severeliver disease and other health problems. Wilson's disease is a rareinherited disorder that causes copper to accumulate in your liver, brainand other vital organs. Hemochromatosis is a disease in which depositsof iron collect in the liver and other organs. The primary form ofhemochromatosis is one of the most common inherited diseases in the U.S.The alpha-1 antitrypsin protein is synthesized mainly in the liver byhepatocytes, secreted into the blood stream, and acts as an inhibitor ofneutrophil elastase released primarily in the lung during inflammation.Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is caused when alpha-1 antitrypsinprotein is either lacking or exists in lower than normal levels in theblood.

In some embodiments, the disease may be an organ transplant rejection.Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by therecipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue.Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecularsimilitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressantdrugs after transplant.

In some embodiments, the disease may be an infectious disease,Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria,viruses, fungi or parasites. Bacteria are one-cell organisms responsiblefor illnesses such as streptococcal upper respiratory infection, urinarytract infections and tuberculosis. Viruses cause a multitude of diseasesranging from the common cold to AIDS. Many skin diseases, such asringworm and athlete's foot, are caused by fungi. Other types of fungican infect the lungs or nervous system. Malaria is caused by a tinyparasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite. Other parasites may betransmitted to humans from animal feces. In some embodiments, theinfectious disease is COVID-19.

In some embodiments, the disease may be an allergic disease. Allergicdiseases are caused by allergen-induced unfavorable immune responsesinitiating various symptoms in different organs, which often cannot becompletely controlled by modern medicine. The immunologic basis ofallergic diseases is observed in two phases: sensitization anddevelopment of memory T and B cell responses, and IgE production andeffector functions, which are related to eosinophils, innate lymphoidcells, dendritic cell subsets, epithelial cells and tissueinflammation/injury, epithelial barrier, tissue remodeling andchronicity in asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic rhinitis (AR).Different disease phenotypes and endotypes may become apparent withdifferent dominant molecular mechanisms, related biomarkers andresponses to biologic therapy. Multiple mechanistic factors arecomplexly involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammations

In some embodiments, the disease may be an autoimmunedisease/autoimmunity. An autoimmune disease is a condition in which theimmune system mistakenly attacks one's own body. Normally, the immunesystem can tell the difference between foreign cells and one's owncells. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakes part of thebody, like the joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins calledautoantibodies that attack healthy cells. Some autoimmune diseasestarget only one organ. Type 1 diabetes damages the pancreas. Otherdiseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affect many differentorgan systems. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease may beRheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease, Multiple sclerosis (MS) orpsoriatic arthritis (PsA).

In some embodiments, the disease may be a chronic inflammation. Chronicinflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lastingfor prolonged periods of several months to years. Generally, the extentand effects of chronic inflammation vary with the cause of the injuryand the ability of the body to repair and overcome the damage. Most ofthe features of acute inflammation continue as the inflammation becomeschronic, including the expansion of blood vessels (vasodilation),increase in blood flow, capillary permeability and migration ofneutrophils into the infected tissue through the capillary wall(diapedesis). However, the composition of the white blood cells changessoon and the macrophages and lymphocytes begin to replace short-livedneutrophils. Thus the hallmarks of chronic inflammation are theinfiltration of the primary inflammatory cells such as macrophages,lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the tissue site, producing inflammatorycytokines, growth factors, enzymes and hence contributing to theprogression of tissue damage and secondary repair including fibrosis andgranuloma formation, etc.

In some embodiments, the disease may be a fibrotic disease. Fibroticdisease is defined by the overgrowth, hardening, and/or scarring ofvarious tissues and is attributed to excess deposition of extracellularmatrix components including collagen. Fibrosis is the end result ofchronic inflammatory reactions induced by a variety of stimuli includingpersistent infections, autoimmune reactions, allergic responses,chemical insults, radiation, and tissue injury. The fibrotic disordersinclude but are not limited to systemic fibrotic diseases such assystemic sclerosis (SSc), sclerodermatous graft vs. host disease,idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, andorgan-specific disorders including radiation-induced fibrosis andcardiac, pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the disease may be a metabolic disease. A metabolicdisorder/disease occurs when abnormal chemical reactions in the bodydisrupt metabolism. When this happens, one might have too much of somesubstances or too little of other ones that an individual needs to stayhealthy. There are different groups of disorders. Some affect thebreakdown of amino acids, carbohydrates, or lipids. Another group,mitochondrial diseases, affects the parts of the cells that produce theenergy. one can develop a metabolic disorder when some organs, such asthe liver or pancreas, become diseased or do not function normally.Diabetes is an example.

In some embodiments, the disease may be Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's is atype of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior. Symptomseventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Alzheimer'schanges typically begin in the part of the brain that affects learning.As Alzheimer's advances through the brain, it leads to increasinglysevere symptoms, including disorientation, mood and behavior changes;deepening confusion about events, time and place; unfounded suspicionsabout family, friends and professional caregivers; more serious memoryloss and behavior changes; and difficulty speaking, swallowing andwalking.

EXAMPLES

These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and not tolimit the scope of the claims provided herein. It will be appreciatedthat variations in proportions and alternatives in elements of thecomponents shown will be apparent to those skilled in the art and arewithin the scope of the embodiments presented herein.

Example 1. Diagnosing NASH Using Probes in Mice

In this experiment, the probes of the present application were shown toaccurately detect the activity levels of proteases associated withnon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a fluid sample to diagnose NASHin a subject.

Protease activity levels associated with NASH were assessed in vivo intwo mice populations, one healthy and one with NASH. The probes used invivo are shown in FIG. 10 .

Mass-barcoded reporters urinary concentration levels obtained fromproteolytic cleavage of these probes by proteases in healthy mice, whichwere fed on a standard Chow Diet (CD), and NASH mice, which were fed acholine-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) areshown in FIG. 11 . NASH-related probes, cleaved by increasedNASH-related protease activity, associated with higher mass-barcodedreporters accumulation in urine from NASH mice compared to healthy mice.

As shown in FIG. 12 , blood samples were collected in K2EDTA tubes frommice that were either healthy (CD) or had NASH (CDAHFD) after 12 weekson their respective diet. All animals were used in accordance withanimal care guidelines. Plasma was obtained from these blood samples bycentrifugation at 3,500 RPM for 20 min at 4° C. The plasma was stored at−80° C. until it was needed for experimental purposes.

As shown in FIG. 13 , thawed plasma samples were pooled and contactedwith probes with fluorescent quenchers and protease-cleavablefluorescent reporters at various peptide and serum concentrations.Samples were mixed with protease substrates and quenchers/reporters in96-well plates. The 96-well plates were read on a Biotech Synergy H1,using 465,535 excitation/emission settings.

As shown in FIG. 14 , the probes of the present application were able tomeasure the activity of NASH-related proteases as expressed in RelativeFluorescent Unit (RFU) per minute in the two mouse populations. Probesmeasuring cathepsin activity were 3-fold higher in protease cleavagekinetics in mice with NASH compared to healthy mice. In contrast, probessensing caspase activity showed no change in detectable activity betweenhealthy and NASH mice. FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B show the subset of resultsfor one probe, Probe #102, in detecting NASH-related protease activity;here, the use of the fluorescent reporter and quencher, like thosediscussed in FIG. 5 , were shown to accurately measure the activitylevels of NASH-related proteases in the plasma of healthy mice (FIG.15A) and NASH mice (FIG. 15B).

Thus, probes of the present application can accurately detect theactivity levels of proteases associated with a biological condition ordisease-state in a subject, ex vivo, using a body fluid sample.

Example 2: Detection of NASH Protease Activity in Plasma in Mice

As shown in FIG. 14 , the probes of the present application are able toaccurately detect protease activity of NASH related proteases in theplasma samples taken from two mice populations, as explained in Example1 and FIG. 13 , in a multiplex format. A single plasma sample wascontacted with the probes for each predetermined protease to provide amultiplex assessment of protease activity in the sample.

In FIG. 16 , for each set of probes, the protease activity in healthymice is shown on the left, while the protease activity in NASH mice isshown on the right. As shown, the probes of the present application wereable to measure increases in NASH-related protease activity.

As shown in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 , protease activity measured as RFU/minwas similar in pooled plasma samples within the same group of animalsthan the average of protease activity from each animal from that group.Furthermore, adding a broad protease inhibitor cocktail (INH) completelyabrogated protease activity in both healthy and NASH animal groups,providing evidence that the fluorescent signal measured over timedepends on proteolytic activities.

FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B show that, when studying samples of mouse plasma,activity, not abundance, is more important in differentiating betweenhealthy samples and NASH samples. Although abundance of NASH-relatedproteases (here cathepsin L, or CTSL) may be comparable between healthyCD mice and NASH CDAHFD mice (FIG. 19A), the activity levels of theseproteases are not (FIG. 19B). In this experiment, protease abundance wasmeasured using an ELISA kit from LS Bio while activity was measuredusing the Probe #102 (a CTSL sensing probe) fluorescence assay describedin Example 1.

Thus, probes of the present application can accurately detect theactivity levels of proteases associated with a biological condition ordisease-state in a subject, ex vivo, using a body fluid sample such asplasma in a multiplex format.

Example 3: Liquid Biopsy Determines Progression Versus Regression ofNASH

In this experiment, the probes of the present application were able todifferentiate among healthy mice, NASH mice, and NASH mice that wereundergoing disease regression.

FIG. 20 shows the experimental design including three groups of mice:CDAHFD NASH mice for 20 weeks (NASH progression), healthy CD mice for 20weeks, and mice fed a CDAHFD for 16 weeks before being switched to achow diet for 4 weeks (NASH regression). Plasma samples were collectedfrom all animals at 20 weeks.

As seen in FIGS. 21A-F, several probes were used to contact the thawedplasma, as described in Example 1, and this resulted in cleardifferentiation between the healthy, regression, and NASH samples. Theprobes showing the most differentiation in NASH were linked to cathepsinand/or MMP protease activities.

This experiment showed that not only can we differentiate betweenhealthy and diseased samples, but it can also differentiate amonghealthy, disease-progressing, and disease-regressing samples.

Example 4: Liquid Biopsy Applications Towards Fulminant Hepatitis inMice

In this experiment, another mouse liver-disease model—that for fulminanthepatitis—was studied to determine the wider uses of the presentapplication. This experiment served to develop the ex vivo assaytechnology for applications in hepatitis models using plasma andexisting sensors in the FRET substrate library.

Fulminant hepatitis is induced after injection intraperitoneal ofmonoclonal antibody anti-CD95 (Jo2, BD biosciences, 4 ug/animal), andmouse plasma samples were collected 3 hours after Jo2 injection. Asshown in FIG. 22 , when the probes contacted the mouse plasma samplesusing the method described previously in Example 1, the probes were ableto differentiate between healthy and Jo2 samples ex vivo. FIG. 23 showsthe same results in vivo, with the same mice receiving the injectableprobe formulation for direct comparison with the ex vivo approach.

The Jo2 hepatitis model demonstrates differential probe cleavagecompared to NASH liver model data in mice. Predominantly Caspase centricprobes (Probe #647, Probe #8, Probe #12) show contrast that is specificand sensitive to the Jo2 model. The comparison with mass spectrometrydata also aligns and confirms high concordance with the ex vivoapproach, which is reassuring to confirm the existence of a biologicallyrelevant signal.

FIG. 24 demonstrates that for two preclinical models of liver disease,the application can distinctly identify each disease due to the distinctbiological mechanisms underlying protease activity of each disease(i.e., cathepsin activity in NASH and caspase activity in hepatitis).

Example 5: Detecting NASH in Human Plasma

This experiment relates to the detection of NASH in humans.

As shown in FIG. 25 , blood samples were collected from human subjectsthat were diagnosed as healthy/lean, healthy/obese, or NASH. Plasma wasobtained from these blood samples in the same method as used inExample 1. The plasma was stored at −80 C for no more than 2 years andwith a freeze/thaw cycle count of <1 for each sample.

As shown in FIG. 26 , when the probes contacted the human plasma samplesusing the method described in Example 1, increased fluorescence levelsover time were observed in NASH samples when compared to healthy,allowing differentiation between the protease activity levels of healthyand NASH samples.

FIG. 27 shows high levels of reproducibility in the application'sability to differentiate between healthy and NASH samples whenindependent sample cohorts were tested.

FIG. 28 further demonstrates that the application is not only able todifferentiate between healthy and NASH human samples, but it is,surprisingly, also able to differentiate between early-stage (F0-F2) andlate-stage (F3+) NASH. The entire F0-F4 data set contains 100 NASHsamples, and the experiment was conducted using the method from Example1.

As shown in FIG. 29 , multiple probes of the present application areable to differentiate between healthy and NASH samples in humans—thismultiplicity furnishes a lower false-positive rate when testing samples

This experiment demonstrates the application is highly adept atdifferentiating between healthy and NASH (and different fibrosis stagesof NASH) in a non-invasive manner in human subjects.

Example 6: Mechanism of Function of Liquid Biopsy

In this experiment, the specific protease cleaved by a specific probe isdetermined in order to show the specificity of the application regardingthe disease differences it detects. This experiment also shows thatprotease activity, not abundance, is the driving factor in theapplication's determination of disease-markers in a sample.

For this experiment, all plasma samples were prepared individually anddiluted 1/10e in PBS with inhibitor added directly to the samples.Inhibitor was prepared at 15× concentration to final. Substrates werediluted in DI water at 18 uM, such that the final concentration on theplate would be 6 uM. All samples were prepared such that their lastdilution on the plate would not affect the desired final concentration.10 ul of each individual sample was pipetted into their correspondingwells, and the plate was then spun down in the centrifuge at 1500 RPMfor 30 seconds to coat the bottom of each well with the sample. 5 ul ofthe 18 uM substrate solution was pipetted into each well being used on a384 well plate, and then the plate was spun down in the centrifuge at1500 rpm for 30 seconds. The plate was placed immediately in the platereader at 37° C. for a 30-minute-long fluorescence kinetic read at485/535 extended gain.

To assess the proteolytic cleavage pattern of Probe #102, samples weretested using a pool of broad inhibitors for serine, cysteine, threonine,MMP and aspartic protease family members (broad inhibitor) to assessgeneral protease activity, AEBSF for serine proteases, E64 for cysteineproteases, CTSi for broad cathepsin inhibition of cathepsins L, S, K andB, or specific inhibitors for cathepsin K (L00625), for cathepsin L(SID) or cathepsin B (CA074).

All E64 (broad cysteine), SID (CTSL) and the CTSi (CTSL, S, K, B)inhibitors decreased NASH signal significantly with less decrease insignal for healthy, indicating that the nature of the decrease in signalwas disease-specific. When using the broad inhibitor or E64, we observeda greater than 6-fold decrease in the RFU signal contrast between NASHand healthy samples, indicating that a cysteine protease was responsiblefor the disease contrast. Broad cathepsin inhibitor CTSi decreased NASHby 47% while only decreasing healthy by 18%, demonstrating that acathepsin was responsible for the disease contrast. A specific cathepsininhibitor for CTSL (SID) decreased NASH by 60% while only decreasinghealthy by 33%. Both NASH and healthy decreased with the addition of theserine inhibitor, AEBSF. NASH was inhibited 65%, while healthy wasinhibited at 60%. The similar decrease in RFU for both NASH and healthyindicates that the AEBSF signal being sensed by Probe #102 is not asignificant contributor to the disease specific signal and of abackground nature.

Specific inhibitors for cathepsin K and B, L006235 and CA074,respectively, did not significantly decrease signal for NASH or healthysamples.

FIG. 30A demonstrates Probe #102 in combination with broad proteaseinhibitors to show that Probe #102 specifically contacts a protease inorder to determine the difference between healthy and NASH samples. FIG.30B shows that Probe #102 contacts a cysteine protease, and FIG. 30Cfurther limits this to a cathepsin family protease. FIG. 30D-F testindividual cathepsins to show that Probe #102 specifically responds tothe activity of cathepsin L (CTSL), a NASH-related protease. Thus,cathepsin L activity is responsible for the disease vs. healthydifferences in protease activity in samples as recognized by theapplication.

As shown in FIG. 31A-B, the application's discrimination between healthyand NASH tissue is not caused by either trypsin or thrombin, bothpromiscuous proteases that are constantly present in blood.

As shown in FIG. 32A-B, protease activity is the true measure ofdisease, rather than protease quantity. This corroborates the previousdetermination in mice that activity is more important than abundance aspreviously seen in Example 2 and as previously shown in FIG. 19 .

More specifically, FIG. 33 demonstrates that although CTSL is equallyabundant in both healthy and NASH human samples, CTSL activity isdifferent between these two sample populations.

The application is shown to function by measuring the activity levels,rather than the abundance of specific disease-related proteases, to givean accurate determination of a specific disease in a sample.

Example 7: Liquid Biopsy Applications Toward COVID Diagnosis

In this example, the application is directed toward diagnosing COVID.

Initial experiments with COVID used K2EDTA and Lithium Heparin collectedplasma. Samples were thawed on ice from storage in −80° C. and were thendiluted to 10% in PBS. After the samples were prepared, the volume wassplit in half and broad protease inhibitors were added to one tube—100×dilution final, 67× in the tube. 10 uL of each sample were placed into awell in a 96-well plate, and the plates were stored on ice. Substrateswere prepared at 18 uM in ddH2O using 1 mM stock prepared in DMF. 5 uLof substrate were added to each well. The 96-well plates were spun downat 1000 RPM for <30 seconds. The plates were read on Biotek Synergy H1plate reader, Ex/Em=485/535 with a cycling time of 4 mins 30 secondsusing a kinetic read, extended dynamic range for 1 hour.

As shown in FIG. 34A-B, multiple sensors demonstrated differentialcleavage between COVID and healthy samples. Probe #462, Probe #18 andProbe #84 demonstrated contrast in both sets and Probe #409, the SARSCoV2 coronavirus substrate, showed modest contrast in the K2 EDTAsamples.

As shown in FIG. 35 , COVID positive and COVID negative swabs (asdetermined by PCR at the clinical site) were combined with LBx sensorsto determine if protease activity can be sensed ex vivo using swabs.

Samples were thawed on ice and then diluted to 10% in DPBS (neutral pH7.4, Gibco). Where required, samples were pooled according to conditionwith equal volumes of each sample per condition and then subsequentlydiluted in DPBS. After the samples are prepared, the volume was split inhalf and broad protease inhibitors were added to 1 tube—100× dilutionfinal, 67× in the tube. 10 uL of each sample was added into thecorresponding wells of a 96-well plate, and the plates were stored onice. Substrates were prepared at 18 uM in ddH2O using 1 mM stockprepared in DMF. 5 uL of substrate was added to each sample in the96-well plate, and the plates were spun down at 1000× rpm for <30seconds. Plates were read on a Biotek Synergy H1 plate reader,Ex/Em=485/535 with a cycling time of 4 mins 30 seconds using a kineticread, extended dynamic range for 2 hours. FIGS. 36A-B shows both swabsand saliva samples treated with viral transport media (VTM), whichcontains some proteases in the serum after contact with the probes ofthe application. However, when swabs were tested using the method fromexperiment 1 using a saline media instead of VTM, as shown in FIG. 37 ,clear differences could be seen between COVID− and COVID+ samples (asdetermined by clinical PCR testing). The saline media swabs givesuperior protease activity signal compared to the VTM swabs as they werecollected in saline media with no additives. This shows the applicationhas broad applicability across biofluids.

The specific probe, Probe #647, was shown to be a key differentiatorbetween COVID+ and COVID− samples, as shown in FIG. 38A-C.

As shown in FIGS. 39A-B, Probe #647 signal measures the activity ofprotease Granzyme B to differentiate between healthy and COVID samples.Granzyme B is a protease that is linked to other autoimmune diseases andviral infections, showing the application can be applied to a wide rangeof disease biology.

Biotin and Probe #647 were conjugated by dissolving stock Probe #647powder at 2 mM in 50/50 DMF/PBS. Biotin-Maleimide was reconstituted frompowder at 100 mM and diluted to the following concentrations—2 mM, 3 mMand 6 mM in PBS. Three reaction mixtures were created with the followingmolar equivalents: 1) 1:1-10 uL to 10 uL 2 mM Biotin+2 mM Probe #647, 2)1:1.5-10 to 10 uL 3 mM Biotin+2 mM Probe #647, and 3) 1:3-10 to 10 uL 6mM Biotin+2 mM Probe #647. Once mixed, these were inverted on a Hulasample mixer for 2 hours at room temperature. Once the conjugationreactions were completed, recombinant proteases and samples were testedusing 100 nM recombinant Granzyme B with 6 uM Probe #647-Biotinconjugate from above 3 reactions. These were then incubated for multipletime points—0 mins, 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour and optional O/N. Theywere then diluted up 1:20 and paper strips were dipped into the mixtureand the paper strip was read visually. Once the activity was confirmedusing recombinant proteases, results were confirmed in strong COVID+saline swab samples and COVID− saline swab samples (as determined byclinical PCR testing). 10 uL of dilute saline swab sample was combinedwith 5 uL Probe #647-Biotin conjugate and incubated for multiple timepoints—0 hours and 2 hours. Post-reaction, the sample was diluted 1:20and read visually with the paper strip.

The use of a paper strip test to monitor Granzyme B activity using theprobes of the application is shown in FIG. 40 . This point of care testfor the detection of protease cleavage of a biotin-tagged 5FAM sensorhas implications for disease monitoring and response in real-time.

Example 8: Liquid Biopsy Applications Towards Pancreatic DuctalAdenocarcinoma

In this example, the application is directed toward diagnosingpancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

As shown in FIG. 41A-B, when human plasma is contacted with the probesof the application using the method from Experiment 1, one candistinguish between the protease activity of healthy and PDAC humanplasma samples.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 42 , the probes are able to differentiateamong healthy, PDAC, and pancreatitis samples.

This experiment continues to show that there is broad applicability forthe application regarding different types of diseases that havedifferent protease biology.

Example 9: Probes with a Fluorescent Reporter Will Accurately MeasureNASH-Related Protease Activity Levels in Mice

In this prophetic experiment, probes of the present disclosure thatinclude a precipitating fluorescent reporter and a protease substratecleavable by an endoprotease, like the probes discussed in FIG. 8 , willbe able to accurately measure the activity levels of NASH-relatedproteases in healthy mice and NASH mice.

The probes will be engineered such that the protease substrate could becleaved by a protease such as endoprotease caspase 8, thereby resultingin a second protease substrate linked to a precipitating fluorescentreporter by an auto-immolative spacer. Alternatively, the secondprotease substrate could be cleaved by the endoprotease CTSD.

Spiking the plasma samples with an excess of CTSD would not result in ameasured increase in caspase 8 activity. Thus, in the absence of caspase8 to cleave the protease substrate, the second substrate will beunavailable for cleavage by CTSD, which will ultimately preventprecipitation of the fluorescent reporter.

However, upon addition of small concentrations of caspase 8 to the fluidsample, a strong signal will be detected by the precipitatingfluorophores. Thus, caspase 8 will be able to cleave the proteasesubstrate, thereby resulting in the second protease substrate, whichwill be cleaved by CTSD. This ultimately will lead to dissociation ofthe spacer from the precipitating fluorescent reporter, therebyresulting in a fluorescent signal.

Plasma samples with probes having distinguishable precipitatingfluorescent reporters will be pooled after incubation with caspase 8 andCTSD. Individually, the plasma samples will be taken from either healthymice or those with NASH to determine the differences between healthy andNASH samples through detection of caspase 8.

Example 10: Detecting Alternative Enzymes

In this experiment, measurement of alternative enzymes” activities fordisease detection is explored. Different enzyme classes includeperoxidases, lipases, esterases, phospholipases, amylase etc.

FIG. 43 shows a schematic diagram for detection of Chlorination andperoxidation activity of MPO using the EnzChek® Myeloperoxidase ActivityAssay Kit. AH represents the nonfluorescent Amplex® UltraRed substrate,and A represents its fluorescent oxidation product. Hydrogen peroxideconverts MPO to MPO-I and MPO is inactive without the presence ofhydrogen peroxide. Amplex® UltraRed is then oxidized by MPO-I andcreates the fluorescent oxidation product A which can be read atEx/Em=530/590.

FIG. 44A-C shows the results for detecting peroxidases. FIG. 44A showsthat MPO activities are different between healthy mice and mice withNASH. FIG. 44B shows that MPO activities are different between mice fedon a standard ChowDiet (CD), and mice fed on a choline-deficient,L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). FIG. 44C shows that MPOactivities are different between healthy subjects and subjects withrheumatoid arthritis. This result shows that we are capable of detectingdifferential activity in NASH in plasma and rheumatoid arthritis inhuman pools in synovial fluid.

FIG. 45A-B shows the pooled results of spiked recombinant protease inhuman plasma using resorufin oleate as substrate. FIG. 46A shows resultof 3 recombinant enzymes—carboxylesterase 1, phospholipase A2 andlipoprotein lipase. FIG. 46B shows the result of various concentrationsof lipoprotein lipase. This result demonstrates that Resorufin oleateand butyrate were promising for detection of broad range of enzymes.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intendedthat the invention be limited by the specific examples provided withinthe specification. While the invention has been described with referenceto the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrationsof the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limitingsense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur tothose skilled in the art without departing from the invention.Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the inventionare not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relativeproportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditionsand variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to theembodiments of the invention described herein may be employed inpracticing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that theinvention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications,variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claimsdefine the scope of the invention and that methods and structures withinthe scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: contacting a plasma samplefrom a subject with a synthetic molecule ex vivo, wherein said syntheticmolecule comprises a reporter and a cleavable linker, and wherein saidsynthetic molecule reacts with an agent from said plasma sample, whereinsaid agent cleaves said cleavable linker causing said reporter to form adetectable signal, introducing an anticoagulant to said plasma sample,detecting a rate of formation or an amount of said detectable signal,determining a disease condition based on said rate of formation oramount of said released reporter; wherein said disease conditioncomprises a liver disease.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein saidcleavable linker is a peptide.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein saidpeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID Nos: 1-677.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein saidcleavable linker is directly connected to said reporter through acovalent bond.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said anticoagulant isan EDTA, a citrate, a heparin, an oxalate, any salt, solvate,enantiomer, tautomer and geometric isomer thereof, or any mixturesthereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said agent is a protease. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein said protease is an endopeptidase or anexopeptidase.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said protease isselected from the group consisting of an A20 (TNFa-induced protein 3),an abhydrolase domain containing 4, an abhydrolase domain containing 12,an abhydrolase domain containing 12B, an abhydrolase domain containing13, an acrosin, an acylaminoacyl-peptidase, a disintegrin andmetalloproteinase (ADAM), an ADAM1a, an ADAM2 (Fertilin-b), an ADAM3B,an ADAM4, an ADAM4B, an ADAMS, an ADAM6, an ADAM7, an ADAMS, an ADAMS,an ADAM10, an ADAM 11, an ADAM12 metalloprotease, an ADAM15, an ADAM17,an ADAM18, an ADAM19, an ADAM20, an ADAM21, an ADAM22, an ADAM23, anADAM28, an ADAM29, an ADAM30, an ADAM32, an ADAM33, a disintegrin andmetalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), an ADAMTS1, anADAMTS2, an ADAMTS3, an ADAMTS4, an ADAMTS5/11, an ADAMTS6, an ADAMTS7,an ADAMTS8, an ADAMTS9, an ADAMTS10, an ADAMTS12, an ADAMTS13, anADAMTS14, an ADAMTS15, an ADAMTS16, an ADAMTS17, an ADAMTS18, anADAMTS19, an ADAMTS20, an adipocyte-enh. binding protein 1, an Afg3-likeprotein 1, an Afg3-like protein 2, an airway-trypsin-like protease, anaminoacylase, an aminopeptidase A, an aminopeptidase B, anaminopeptidase B-like 1, an aminopeptidase MAMS/L-RAP, an aminopeptidaseN, an aminopeptidase O, an aminopeptidase P homologue, an aminopeptidaseP1, an aminopeptidase PILS, an aminopeptidase Q, an aminopeptidase-like1, an AMSH/STAMBP, an AMSH- LP/STAMBPL1, an angiotensin-convertingenzyme 1 (ACE1), an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), anangiotensin-converting enzyme 3 (ACE3), an anionic trypsin (II), anapolipoprotein (a), an archaemetzincin-1, an archaemetzincin-2, anaspartoacylase, an aspartoacylase-3, an aspartyl aminopeptidase, anataxin-3, an ataxin-3 like, an ATP/GTP binding protein 1, an ATP/GTPbinding protein-like 2, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 3, an ATP/GTPbinding protein-like 4, an ATP/GTP binding protein-like 5, an ATP23peptidase, an autophagin-1, an autophagin-2, an autophagin-3, anautophagin-4, an azurocidin, a beta lactamase, a beta-secretase 1, abeta-secretase 2, a bleomycin hydrolase, a brain serine proteinase 2, aBRCC36 (BRCA2-containing complex, sub 3), a calpain, a calpain 1, acalpain 2, a calpain 3, a calpain 4, a calpain 5, a calpain 6, a calpain7, a calpain 7-like, a calpain 8, a calpain 9, a calpain 10, a calpain11, a calpain 12, a calpain 13, a calpain 14, a calpain 15 (Solhprotein), a cysteine protease, a carboxypeptidase A1, a carboxypeptidaseA2, a carboxypeptidase A3, a carboxypeptidase A4, a carboxypeptidase A5,a carboxypeptidase A6, a carboxypeptidase B, a carboxypeptidase D, acarboxypeptidase E, a carboxypeptidase M, a carboxypeptidase N, acarboxypeptidase O, a carboxypeptidase U, a carboxypeptidase X1, acarboxypeptidase X2, a carboxypeptidase Z, a carnosine dipeptidase 1, acarnosine dipeptidase 2, a caspase recruitment domain family, member 8,a caspase, a caspase-1, a caspase-2, a caspase-3, a caspase-4/11, acaspase-5, a caspase-6, a caspase-7, a caspase-8, a caspase-9, acaspase-10, a caspase-12, a caspase-14, a caspase-14-like, acasper/FLIP, a cathepsin, a cathepsin A (CTSA), a cathepsin B (CTSB), acathepsin C (CTSC), a cathepsin D (CTSD), a cathepsin E (CTSE), acathepsin F, a cathepsin G, a cathepsin H (CTSH), a cathepsin K (CTSK),a cathepsin 1 (CTSL), a cathepsin L2, a cathepsin 0, a cathepsin S(CTSS), a cathepsin V (CTSV), a cathepsin W, a cathepsin Z (CTSZ), acationic trypsin, a cezanne/OTU domain containing 7B, a cezanne-2, aCGI-58, a chymase, a chymopasin, a chymosin, a chymotrypsin B, achymotrypsin C, a coagulation factor IXa, a coagulation factor VIIa, acoagulation factor Xa, a coagulation factor XIa, a coagulation factorXIIa, a collagenase 1, a collagenase 2, a collagenase 3, a complementprotease C1r serine protease, a complement protease C1s serine protease,a complement C1r-homolog, a complement component 2, a complementcomponent Cira, a complement component C1sa, a complement factor B, acomplement factor D, a complement factor D-like, a complement factor I,a COPSE, a corin, a CSN5 (JAB1), a cylindromatosis protein, a cytosolalanyl aminopep.-like 1, a cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase, a DDI-relatedprotease, a DECYSIN, a Derl-like domain family, member 1, a Derl-likedomain family, member 2, a Derl-like domain family, member 3, a DESC1protease, a desert hedgehog protein, a desumoylating isopeptidase 1, adesumoylating isopeptidase 2, a dihydroorotase, a dihydropyrimidinase, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 1, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 2, a dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3, adihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4, a dihydropyrimidinase-relatedprotein 5, a DINE peptidase, a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP), a dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP1), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), adipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6), a dipeptidyl-peptidase 8 (DPP8), adipeptidyl-peptidase 9 (DPP9), a dipeptidyl-peptidase II, adipeptidyl-peptidase III, a dipeptidyl-peptidase 10 (DPP10), a DJ-1, aDNA-damage inducible protein, a DNA- damage inducible protein 2, aDUB-1, a DUB-2, a DUB2a, a DUB2a-like, a DUB2a-1ike2, a DUB6, or acombination thereof.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein said protease isselected from the group consisting of a T cell protease, a complementprotease, a fibrosis protease, and an inflammation-related protease. 10.The method of claim 1, wherein said reporter comprises a fluorescentlabel.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said fluorescent label isselected from a group consisting a 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a7-amino-4-carbamoylmethylcoumarin (ACC), a 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin(AMC), a 2-Aminobenzoyl (Abz), a Cy7, a Cy5, a Cy3 and a(5-((2-Aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-l-sulfonic acid) (EDANS).
 12. Themethod of claim 10, wherein said synthetic molecule further comprises afluorescent quencher.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein saidfluorescent quencher is selected from the group consisting of BHQO,BHQ1, BHQ2, BHQ3, BBQ650, ATTO 540Q, ATTO 580Q, ATTO 612Q, CPQ2, QSY-21,QSY-35, QSY-7, QSY-9, DABCYL (4-([4′-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)benzoyl),Dnp (2,4-dinitrophenyl) and Eclipse.
 14. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid synthetic molecule further comprises a carrier.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein said carrier comprises a native, labeled or syntheticprotein, a synthetic chemical polymer of precisely known chemicalcomposition or with a distribution around a mean molecular weight, anoligonucleotide, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO), afoldamer, a lipid, a lipid micelle, a nanoparticle, a solid support madeof polystyrene, polypropylene or any other type of plastic, or anycombination thereof.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject isa human subject.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said detectioncomprises a fluorescent detection.
 18. The method of claim 17, whereinsaid fluorescent detection is a fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET).